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Full text of "The North American sylva; or, A description of the forest trees of the United States, Canada and Nova Scotia. Considered particularly with respect to their use in the arts and their introduction into commerce. To which is added a description of the most useful of the European forest trees .."

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on,    A    DKSCIUI'TION    OF    TIIK 


FOUEST   TREES 

OF    THE 

UNITED  STATES,  CANADA,  AND  NOYA  SCOTIA, 

NOT    nESCRIBEn    IN    THE    WORK    OF 

F.  ANDEEW  MICIIAUX, 


AND   CONTAINING    ALL   THE 


FOREST  TREES   DISCOVERED   IN    THE    ROCKY  MOUNTAINS,  THE  TERRITORY  OF 

OREGON,   DOWN   TO   THE   SHORES   OF   THE   PACIFIC,  AND    INTO   THE 

CONFINES   OF   CALIFORNIA,   AS   WELL   AS   IN   VARIOUS 

PARTS   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 


ILLUSTRATED     BY    121  COLORED    PLATES. 


THOMAS  :n^uttall,  f.l.s. 

MEMDER   OP   THE   AMERICAN    PIULOSOPIIICAL   SOCIETY,    AND   OF   THE   ACADEMY    OF    NATURAL   SCIENCES 
OF    PIIILADELl'llIA,    ETC.   ETC.   ETC. 


THREE  VOLUMES  IN  TWO. 
VOL.   IL 


BEING   THE     FIFTH     VOLUME    OF    MICHAUX  AND   NUTTALL'S 
NORTH  AMERICAN   SYLVA. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
PUBLISHED  BY  IIICE,  BUTTER  &  CO. 

No.    5  2  5    MINOR    S  T  H  E  E  T. 

18G5. 


Entered  iicconling  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1S05,  by 

RICE,  KUTTER  &  CO., 

in  the  CIc-rk's  Offleo  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States  for  the  Eastern  District  of 
I'euDsylvauia. 


COLLmS,  PRINTER 


^X^ 


CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  SECOND. 


Shining-Leaved  Poison-Wood Exccccaria  hicida G 

Tallow  Tree StllUnrjia  schifcra 8 

Small-FloAvered  Drypetes Dry  petes  crocca 12 

Californian  Ilorse-Chestnut 2Esculas  Calif orn'tca 1  ( i 

Florida  Soap-Berry Sapindus  marghiatus ID 

Hound-Fluted   Honej-Berry   or 

Genip  Tree Melicocca  paniculata 21 

Large-Leaved  Maple Acer  macrophyllum 24 

Round-Leaved  Maple Acer  circinaium 27 

Mountain  Sugar  Maple Acer  grandldentatum 20 

Drummond's  Maple Acer  Drummond'tl 30 

Currant-Leaved  Maple Acer  iripariitiim 32 

Californian  Box  Elder Negundo  Calif  on  lie  ui/i 37 

Buckwheat  Tree Cliftonia  ligiistrina 39 

Carolina  Cyrilla Cgrilla  raccmiflora 43 

Mahogany  Tree Swictenia  mahogoni 4G 

"Wild  Orange  Tree Citrus  vulgaris ,53 

Yellow-Flowered  Balsam  Tree Clusiaflavo 58 

Florida  Torch- Wood Amgris  Floridaiia 01 

West  Indian  Birch  Tree Bursera  gummifcra 04 

Coral  Sumach Hhus  metopiian OS 

Large-Leaved  Cotinus Cotinus  Amcricanas 71 

Entire-Leaved  Styphonia Stgphonia  integr folia 74 

Carolina  Prickly  Ash Xanthoxglam  Caroliitianuin 7<S 

Bastard  Iron-Wood Xanthoxglam  ptcrota SI 

Florida  Satin- Wood Xanthoxglam  Fhyridaiuna S4 

Small-Leaved  Lignum-Vitte Guaiacuni  sa)ictum 80 


4  CONTENTS. 

P\GE 

Glaucous  Bitter- Wood Simaruba  glaaca 90 

Sea-side  Grape Coccoloba  uvifera 93 

Small-Leaved  Sea-side  Grape Coccoloba  iMriifolia 95 

Sapotilla Achras  zapotilla 97 

Sinootli-Lcavcd  Bumclia Bamclia  lycioides 101 

Silky-Leaved  Bumclia Bumclia  icnax 1 04 

Narrow-Lcavcd  Bumclia Bumclia  angustifolia 106 

Fetid  r>umelia Bumclia  fxticlissima 108 

Menzies's  Strawberry  Tree Arbutus  3Icnziesii 109 

ra{)aw  Tree Papaya  vulgaris 114 

Lariic-rioAvered  Dog- Wood Cornus  Nuttallii 117 

Common  Fringe  Tree Ch  ionanthus  Virginica 121 

Oregon  Black  Ash Fraxinus  Oi'cgona 124 

Small-Lcavcd  Ash Fraxinus  paucijlora 126 

Californian  Flowering  Ash Orims  dipctala 130 

Florida  Ardisia Ardisia  Pickeringia 133 

Long-Leaved  Calabash  Tree Cresccntia  cujcie 135 

Common  Trumpet  Flower Tccoma  radicans 138 

Soft-Leaved  Avicennia Aviccnnia  tomcniosa 143 

Rough-Leaved  Cordia Cordia  Sebcstena 145 

Florida  Cordia Cordia  Floridana 147 

Western  Yew Taxus  brevifolia 149 

Yew-Leaved  Torrey a Torrcya  taxifolia 153 

Ilocky  Mountain  Juniper Jnniperus  Andimi 157 

Gigantic  Arbor- Vitjie Thuja  gigantca 162 

American  Cembra  Pine Pinus  flcxilis 167 

I'rickly-Coned  Pine Pinus  Sabiniana 169 

Gigantic  Pine Pinus  Lambcrtiana 180 

Douglas's  Spruce  Fir Abies  Douglasii 187 

IMcnzies's  Spruce  Fir Abies  Mcnziesii 189 

Decorated  Silver  Fir Abies  nobilis 193 

Lriifv-Cdiied  Silver  Fir Abies  bracteata 194 

Fraser's  Balsani  Fir A bics  Frascri 1 96 

Western  ]iarch  Tree J^arix  Occideidalis 199 

I'rickly  i'isonia Pisonia  aculeala 202 


THE 


NORTH  AMERICAN 


SYLVA. 


EXCiECARIA* 

Natural  Order,  EuPiiORBiACEyE.     Linna^an  Classification,  Dkecia, 

MONADELPIIIA. 

DiCECious  or  Monoecious. — 3Ialc  flowers  in  cylindnc  aiiiciits,  solitary, 
or  by  threes,  subtended  by  single  scales;  the  filament  of  the  sta- 
mens 3-parted  at  the  summit.  Female  flowers  solitary  or  in  si)ikcs, 
with  a  calyx  of  scales.     Capsule  tricoccous. 

§  Gymnanthes.  (Gi/mnanihes,  genus.  Swartz.) — Monoecious.  Fe- 
male flowers  solitary,  pedicellate,  the  pedicel  articulated  and 
terminated  by  a  minute  toothed  calyx,  its  base  surrounded  l)y 
embracing  scales.  Male  flowers  by  threes. — Trees  of  Tropical 
America,  with  alternate,  entire,  sempervirent  leaves. 

*  From  cxcajcare,  to  blind, — the  juice  of  the  plant  licuig  .so  at-rid  as  to  cause 
blinducss. 


SHINING-LEAVED   POISON-WOOD. 

ExciECARiA  LUCIDA.     Floribus  femineis  suhsolitariis  pediceUatis;  masculis 

tripartitis  spkatls ;  foliis  ciuicato-cUpiicis,  lanceolatisve  suhserratis. 
ExciECARiA    LUCIDA.     MoHoica,  Jtoribus  pediceUatis,   staminibus    tricho- 

tomis,   femineis   pedunculatis,   foliis    ellipticis    subserratis.  —  Swartz, 

Prod.,  p.  1122. 
liicini  fructa  glabro,  arbor  jidifera,  lactescens,  folio  myrtino. — Sloane, 

Catal.  Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  131,  tab.  158,  fig.  2. 

According  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  this  plant,  in  Key  West,  becomes 
a  tree  of  thirty  to  forty  feet  in  height.  It  is  also  indigenous 
to  Jamaica  and  Cuba,  and  a  broad-leaved  variety  Avas  collected 
by  Poiteau  in  St.  Domingo.  The  wood  is  yellowish  white,  hard, 
and  close-grained ;  but  of  its  uses,  or  the  economy  of  the  plant, 
we  are  as  yet  ignorant. 

The  branches  are  covered  with  a  gray  and  somewhat  rough 
bark.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  shortly  petiolate,  smooth  and 
shining  on  the  upper  surface,  and  on  both  sides  rather  promi- 
nently and  elegantly  veined  and  reticulated ;  they  are  slightly 
and  distantly  serrulated,  often  lanceolate,  and  somewhat  obtuse. 
On  other  branches  the  leaves  are  almost  oblong-elliptic,  and 
narrowed  or  wedge-formed  at  the  base.  In  the  rainy  season, 
toward  the  extremities  of  the  twigs  come  out  close,  brown, 
cylindric,  axillary  aments,  which  at  length  shoot  into  loose 
spikes  or  aments  covered  with  numerous  male  flowers,  growing 
by  threes  together  on  a  common  pedicel,  which  divides  above 
into  the  three  flowers,  each  subtended  (apparently?)  by  a  still 
smaller  scale,  and  consisting  of  a  secondary,  short  stipe,  divided 
into  three  stamens.  The  anthers  are  round,  small,  and  two- 
celled.  At  the  base  of  the  catkin,  or  below  in  a  separate  axil, 
issue  the  pedicellated  female  iiowers,  subtended  at  the  base  by 
appropriate  scales,  and  with  the  rudiments  of  a  calyx  beneath 


PLEXL 


SHINING-LEAVED     TO  IS  ON-WOOD.  7 

the  germ.  The  stigmas  are  tlircc,  ratlier  thick,  and  reflocted. 
The  fruit  is  tricoccoiis,  supported  upon  an  elongated  pedicel, 
and  rather  large.  The  tree,  like  most  of  the  family  of  the 
Euphorbiacece,  is  filled  with  a  caustic,  milky  juice. 

According  to  Rumphius,  the  juice  of  the  Exccvcarla  A(jaUocJia, 
and  even  its  smoke  when  burnt,  afiects  the  eyes  with  great  pain, 
as  has  been  sometimes  experienced  by  sailors,  in  cutting  the 
wood  for  fuel,  who,  having  accidentally  rubbed  their  eyes  with 
the  juice,  became  blinded  for  a  time,  and  some  of  them  finally 
lost  their  sight.  The  Agallocha  wood,  formerly  so  much 
esteemed,  remarkable  for  its  fragrant  odor  and  infiammal/ility, 
belongs  to  the  genus  Aquilaria,  and  has  no  relation  with  this 
family  of  plants. 

PLATE   LXL 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.   The  male  Jioiccr.     h.   The  female  flower. 


TALLOW   TREE. 


Natural   Order,  EuPHORBiACEiE,  (Jussieu.)     Linnccan   Classifica- 
tion, MONCECIA,  MONADELPHIA. 

STILLmGIA.*    (Linn.) 

MoN(ECious. — Stamimfcrous  flowers  solitary,  or  many  and  small,  with 
an  entire  hemispherical  involucrum.  Perianth  tubular,  widened 
and  ciliated  on  the  border.  Stamens  two  or  three,  exserted,  with 
the  filaments  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Fertile  flowers  solitary, 
involucrate;  perianth  as  in  the  male.  Style  with  three  stigmas. 
Capsule  3-lobed,  3-grained,  surrounded  by  the  enlarging  involu- 
crum.    Seeds  three. 

Arborescent,  shrubby,  or  herbaceous  plants,  with  a  milky  sap. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  serrulated,  having  stipules.  Flowers  in 
spikes,  the  spikes  solitary,  lateral,  or  terminal,  the  upper  part  stamini- 
ferous. 


TALLOW  TREE. 

Stillingia  sebifera.  Arhorea ;  foliis  j^ctiolatis,  rhomheis  aeinninatls 
integerrimis,  infra  basiji  glandida  j^ctiolari,  florihus  masculis  numerosis. — 
WiLLD.,  Sp.  pi.,  iv.  p.  588.  Micii.,  Flor.,  ii.  p.  213.  ruRsn,  ii. 
p.  G08.     Elliott,  Sk.,  ii.  p.  651. 

Croton  sebiferum.—Li'N'N.,  Sp.  pi.,  1.  c. 

Jticinus  Chincnsis  sebifera,  imjndi  nu/ra:  folio. — Petiver,  Gazoph.,  53, 
tab.  34,  fig.  3.     Plukenet,  Amalth.,  76,  tab.  390,  fig.  2. 

*  So  named  in  honor  of  Or.  Stiirumflcot,  an  Imi^IIsIi  botanist. 


StiUiiL^m  s.'l)il'rra. 


TfiJI-ow  /ree 


StiUi ii'/ier  ni>rt  si'if. 


TALLOW     T  R  E  E.  9 

The  Tallow  Tree  grows  to  the  height  of  twenty  to  forty  feet, 
and  so  nearly  resembles  the  Blaek  Poplar  in  its  foliage  that  it 
might  be  mistaken  for  it  if  the  leaves  were  serrated.  It  is 
indigenous  to  China,  where  it  grows  on  the  borders  of  streams. 
It  is  now  naturalized  in  both  Indies,  in  the  South  of  Europe, 
and  in  the  southern  part  of  the  United  States,  along  the  sea- 
coast.  It  resembles  a  Cherry  Tree  in  its  trunk  and  branches. 
The  bark  is  of  a  whitish  gray,  and  soft  to  the  touch.  The 
branches  are  long,  smooth,  and  flexible,  ornamented  with  leaves 
from  their  middle  to  their  extremities,  where  they  grow  in  a 
kind  of  tuft.  These  leaves  are  oval-rhomboidal,  on  longish 
petioles,  wider  than  long,  very  entire,  acuminated,  green,  and 
smooth  on  both  sides,  furnished  at  their  base  with  two  very 
small  sessile  glands:  before  falling,  at  the  approach  of  winter, 
they  become  red.  The  stipules  are  membranous  and  linear- 
lanceolate.  The  flowers  are  terminal,  disposed  in  erect  spikes, 
resembling  catkins,  which  are  about  two  inches  long.  The 
male  flowers  are  numerous,  very  small,  and  pedicellated,  with  a 
very  short  monophyllous  and  almost-truncated  calyx;  with  two, 
three,  and  sometimes  more  stamens  having  exserted  filaments. 
The  fertile  flowers  are  in  small  numbers  at  the  base  of  each 
spike.  The  capsules  are  smooth,  brown,  and  oval,  three-lobed, 
divided  internally  into  three  bivalvular  cells.  Each  cell  con- 
tains a  somewhat  hemispherical  seed,  internally  flattened  and 
grooved,  externally  convex  and  rounded,  covered  with  a  some- 
what firm,  white,  sebaceous  or  fatty  substance.  The  seeds 
remain  firmly  attached  above  by  three  threads,  which  traverse 
the  fruit,  and  thus  remain  suspended  after  the  fall  of  the  valves 
of  the  capsule,  so  that  the  tree  seems  to  be  covered  with  clusters 
of  white  berries,  which,  contrasted  with  the  red  color  of  the 
fading  leaves,  produce  a  very  peculiar  and  elegant  appearance. 

The  Tallow  Tree,  as  its  name  implies,  furnishes  the  Chinese 

with  a  material  for  candles;  they  extract  besides  from  its  seeds 

oil  for  their  lamps.     The  ordinary  method  employed  in  sepa- 
v.-i* 


10  PRIVET-LEAVED     S  T  I  L  L  I  N  G  I  A. 

r<ating  the  tallow  from  the  fruit,  is  by  bruising  together  the 
capsules  and  seeds,  afterward  boiling  the  mass  in  water,  and 
skimming  off  the  oil  that  arises  to  the  surface,  which,  when  cold, 
becomes  condensed  like  tallow.  To  every  six  pounds  of  this 
fat  is  sometimes  put  three  pounds  of  linseed-oil,  with  a  little 
wax  to  give  it  a  more  solid  consistence.  The  candles  thus 
obtained  are  of  an  extreme  whiteness,  but  are  also  made  red  by 
the  addition  of  vermilion.  It  is  said  that  the  Chinese  steep 
these  candles  in  a  sort  of  wax,  also  the  produce  of  a  tree,  which 
forms  a  crust  around  the  tallow  that  hinders  them  from  melting. 
In  the  Southern  States,  though  the  trees  produce  an  abun- 
dance of  perfect  fruit,  no  use  is  yet  made  of  it. 

PLATE  LXII. 

A  branch  of  ilie  natural  size.     a.  A  cluster  of  male  fowcrs.     h.  A  single 
male  flower,    c.  The  seeds  or  nuts  coated  with  wax. 


PEIVET-LEAVED    STILLINGIA. 

Stillingia  ligustrina.     Follis  lanceolatis  utrinque  attenuatis  mtegcrrwm 

jxliolatis,  flosculis  niaseulis  subsolitariis,  triandris. 
Stillingia  Ugiistrlna. — Micii.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  132.     "Willd., 

Sp.  pi.,  iv.  p.  566.      PuRSii,  vol.  ii.  p.  608.      Nutt.,  vol.  ii.  p.  226. 

Elliott,  vol.  ii.  p.  651. 

This  native  species  of  the  genus  Stillingia,  in  the  forests  of 
East  Florida,  according  to  the  observations  of  my  friend  Mr. 
Ware,  becomes  a  tree,  and  attains  an  elevation  of  thirty  feet. 
In  Georgia,  at  Columbus,  on  the  banks  of  the  Chattahoochee, 
where  I  have  observed  it  in  considerable  ablindance,  it  only 
forms  a  shrub  of  ten  or  twelve  feet.     Altlious2:h  a  handsome  tree 


TRIVET-LEAVED     STILLINGIA.  11 

or  shrub,  nearly  evergreen,  and  resembling  the  Privet  when  in 
flower,  so  far  from  being  pleasing,  it  emits  a  very  disagreeable 
odor,  almost  as  fetid  as  carrion. 

The  bark  is  nearly  smooth,  and  brownish  gray,  the  branches 
diffuse,  and  only  clad  with  leaves  toward  the  summits;  these 
are  from  one  to  two  inches  in  length  and  about  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  in  width;  they  are  either  wholly  lanceolate  or  oval- 
lanceolate,  very  smooth,  entire,  and  acute  or  acuminated  at  either 
extremity :  the  petioles  are  about  two  or  three  lines  long.  The 
flowers  are  small,  greenish  yellow,  in  lateral  and  terminal 
shortish  spikes;  in  some  specimens  w^holly  staminiferous,  in 
others  with  a  few  fertile  flowers  at  the  base  of  the  spikes. 
Scale  or  bracte  of  the  sterile  flowers  short-ovate,  mostly  one-flow- 
ered. Perianth  three-cleft;  stamens  generally  three,  the  filaments 
very  short.  Fertile  flower  similar.  Styles  throe,  united  at  base, 
reflected;  stigmas  simple.     Capsule  three-seeded. 


DllYPETES. 

(Vaiil.) 


^((furaJ  OnJcr,  EupnoRBiACE^ ?  (Juss.)     Llnncean  Classification^ 

DlCEClA,  TeTRANDRIA  to  OCTANDRIA. 

Dkecious. — Male  with  the  calyx  4  to  6-leavcd,  and  imequah  Corolla 
none.  Stamina  four  to  eight,  exserted.  Disk  central,  villous. — Fe- 
male with  the  flower  as  in  the  male.  Ocary  free,  subovate,  villous, 
2-celled,  or  by  abortion  1-celled ;  ovules  two  in  each  cell,  pendu- 
lous. Styles  two,  or  by  abortion  one,  short ;  stigmas  capitate,  villous. 
Drape  subovate,  villous,  dry,  1-celled,  1-seeded,  rarely  2-celled, 
2-seeded.  Seed  filling  up  the  cell  of  the  fruit ;  albumen  large  and 
fleshy;  embryo  large,  inverted,  straight;  cotyledons  foliaceous. 

Trees  of  the  tropical  parts  of  America,  with  alternate,  nearly  ex- 
stipulate  leaves,  and  axillary  clusters  of  small  herbaceous  flowers. 


SMALL-FLOWERED    DRYPETES. 

DllYPETES    crocea.      FolUs    ofjlovf/0-Ianceolafis    acuminatis   intcgerrinm 

nitidis,  fiore  masodo  4-C)-a7idro,  fcmineo  distylo. 
Dkypetes   crocea.     Folds  oblongis,   intcgerrimis,   mtidis,  jlorc  masculo 

4-5-andro,  fcmineo  distylo. — Poiteau,  Annales   du   Museum   Hist. 

Nat.,  (3d  series,)  vol.  i.  p.  159,  t.  8. 
SciiiTiFFERA  LATERIFLORA.     Floribus  lateralil)us  apetalis. — Swartz,  Flor. 

Ind.  Occid.,  vol.  i.  p.  321). 

This  plant,  ;it  Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  (according  to  Dr. 

Blodgett,)  becomes  a  large  tree.     The  wood  appears  to  be  whitish 
12 


Small  n^>h^frc<l  Dry/ii^fs  J?7-jrp,i/ef  .^a/i't/fve- 


SMALL-FLOWERED     DRYTETES.  13 

and  close-grained,  and  that  of  D.  alha  is  very  hard,  and  much 
esteemed  by  carpenters.  At  St.  Domingo,  Poiteau  remarked  that 
it  generally  seemed  to  prefer  the  protecting  shade  of  other  large 
trees  with  which  it  grew.  It  appears  to  be  a  very  elegant  ever- 
green; the  twigs  exuding  a  slightly-aromatic  resin,  in  small 
quantities,  which,  spreading  over  the  petiole  and  midrib  of  the 
leaves,  communicates,  at  times,  a  white  or  glaucous  hue.  The 
leaf,  to  the  taste,  is  slightly  bitter  and  astringent,  with  some 
aroma  arising  from  the  resin  it  possesses;  and  it  has  so  much 
the  flavor  of  tea  as  almost  to  promise  a  succedaneum  for  that 
favorite  beverage. 

The  bark  is  of  a  light  gray  and  warty.  The  leaves  are  from 
three  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long,  and  from  one  to  one  and 
a  half  wide,  entire  or  slightly  repand,  attenuated  into  a  short 
petiole,  of  a  coriaceous  consistence.  The  surface  is  delicately 
and  lightly  reticulated  as  in  the  leaf  of  the  Bay,  (Laurvs.) 
The  flowers  are  small  and  numerous,  in  axillary  roundish 
clusters;  these  in  the  male  consist  of  a  brownish-green  calyx 
of  four  small  ovate  divisions,  pubescent  on  the  margin,  contain- 
ing four  to  six  short  stamens.  The  calyx  of  the  female  con- 
tains a  germ  with  two  short  styles  and  capitate  stigmas;  there 
are  two  ovules  in  each  cell;  the  drupe  is  villous,  and  when  ripe 
is  of  the  color  of  safl*ron,  containing  but  a  single  seed.  The 
perisperm  has  the  hot  and  acrid  taste  of  strong  mustard,  but  is, 
notwithstanding,  the  particular  food  of  a  small  beetle. 

PLATE   LXIII. 

A  branch  of  the  vaiural  size.     a.  Tlic  male  fower.     h.  The  female  fnver. 

c.  The  fruit. 


GLAUCOUS    DRYPETES. 

DiiYPETES  GLAUCA.  FoUls  ovaio-oblongis,  al'ds  obtasiusculis,  remote  crenu- 
latis,  alUs  longloribas,  intec/ernmis,  acuminatis ;  jiorlbus  Q-8-andris. — 
Vaiil.,  Eclog.  Am.,  fascic.  ii.  p.  49. 

This  species  also  becomes  a  tree,  and  grows  at  Key  West  with 
the  preceding;  it  is  likewise  indigenous  to  Montserrat  and 
Porto  Rico.  The  branches  are  cylindric,  somewhat  angular 
above,  witli  the  buds  thinly  covered  with  a  brownish  down. 
The  leaves  are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  preceding  sj)ecies, 
and  often  glaucous,  with  a  thin,  resinous  coating.  The  male 
flowers  are  4  to  5-leaved,  with  six  to  eight  stamens ;  there  is  no 
corolla.  The  drupe  is  oval,  villous,  becoming  the  size  of  a  small 
hazel-nut,  with  a  suture  on  one  side,  and  terminated,  when  young, 
with  a  single,  sessile,  reniform  stigma. 

The  wood  is  probably  of  the  same  quality  as  in  the  preceding 
species. 


14 


HORSE-CHESTNUT. 

(Marronier  d'Inde,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  Hippocastane.T5,  (DeCcancl.)     Linnwan  Glassificw- 
tlon,  Heptandria,  Moxogynia. 

iESCULUS.*     (LiNx.) 

Calyx  tubular-campaiuilate,  S-tootbed.  Petals  four  or  five,  more  or 
less  unequal,  unguiculate.  Stamens  six  to  eight,  (often  seven,)  with 
separate  filaments.  Oi'aru  roundish,  3-celled,  with  two  collateral 
ovules  in  each  cell.  Fruit  subglobose,  coriaceous,  even  or  echinate, 
1  to  3-celled.  Seeds  solitary,  large,  with  a  broad  hilum,  and  no 
albumen.     Cotyledons  subterraneous. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  Xorth  America  and  Temperate  Asia,  with  op})0- 
site,  digitate,  serrated  leaves.  Flowers  conspicuous,  in  terminal  pani- 
cles on  articulated  pedicels. 

§  3.  Fruit  unarmed,  leaves  stipulate,  the  tube  of  the  calyx  at  length  deft. 


*  The  Latin  name  of  a  tree  which  furuiwhed  an  esculent  nut. 


15 


CALIFORNIAN   HORSE-CHESTNUT. 

u3^]scuLUS  Californica.  Siammibus  corolla  longiorlbus,  iKialis  4,  sub 
wqualibus,  cahjcibus  tabuloso-campamdatls  incequaU-dciitaUs  ;  ihjrsus  ab- 
hrcviatls  densiJiorU ;  ikUoIIs  inarginatis,  folioUs  quinque  ovato-lanccolatis 
subellq)Ucis  acutis  scrndalis  glahris  glauccscenlibus,  basi  rotwidatis  sub- 
cordatis. — N"utt.,  in  Torr.  and  Gray,  Flor.  JST.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  251. 

CALOiRYB.&\iB,Ccdifornica. — Spach,  in  Ann.  Sc.  Nat.,  (ser.  ii,)  p.  62. 

This  is  the  only  species  hitherto  discovered  of  this  ornamental 
genus  on  the  western  side  of  the  American  continent;  and  it 
diflers  from  the  ordinary  type  quite  sufficiently  to  constitute  a 
separate  section. 

I  observed  it  very  sparingly  on  the  border  of  a  small  stream  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  Monterey,  in  Upper  California,  flower- 
ing in  the  mouth  of  March,  with  the  usual  precocious  habit  of 
the  genus.  It  appears  also  to  have  been  observed  in  some  part 
of  California  by  Botta,  according  to  Spach. 

It  forms  a  low,  spreading,  bushy  tree,  about  fifteen  to  twenty 
feet  high,  with  clusters  of  spreading  branches  issuing  from  near 
the  root,  so  as  to  form  a  sort  of  thicket.  The  trunk  is  smooth 
and  gray,  only  a  few  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  wood  very 
similar  to  that  of  other  species  of  the  genus. 

Tlu!  h'a\'es,  usually  in  fives,  have  broad  and  flat  marginated 
petioles,  terminating  usually  in  two  long,  linear,  conspicuous,  and 
somewhat  meml)ranaceous  stipules;  the  whole  cluster  of  leaves 
is  also  subtended  by  several  broad  stipules,  Avhich  appear  to  be 
the  iiniermost  series  of  bud-scales,  l)ut  they  are  quite  persistent, 
and  frequently  terminated  by  rudiments  of  leaves;  the  inner 
leaves  of  tlie  ilowering  branches  are  often  in  threes  or  fours. 
The  Icnllcts,  lliree  to  four  inches  long,  are  supported  upon  long 
and  slender  ])eti()lcs;  beneath  they  are  pale  and  somewhat  glau- 
cous, everywhere  smootli,  finelv  and  obtiiselv  serrulated,  and 
IG 


^s  cuius  Californica 


CUJiTrrnian  ffomY  n?e.rt7n/t 


/TrarronnieT  de  Californu 


CALIFORNIAN     IIORSE-CIIESTNUT.  17 

acute  at  the  points;  below  they  are  rounded  and  sometimes 
sinuated.  The  flowers  are  of  a  pale  rose  color  without  a  mix- 
ture of  any  other  color,  and  f)i'oduced  in  a  crowded,  compound 
spike  or  thyrsus.  The  calyx  is  somewhat  whitely  villous,  indis- 
tinctly five-toothed,  and  at  length  cleft  down  nearly  to  the  base 
on  the  lower  side.  The  petals  appear  connivent,  with  the  claws 
shorter  than  the  calyx,  scarcely  at  all  spreading,  and  are  gene- 
rally in  fours.  Stamens  five  or  six.  I  have  not  seen  the  fruit, 
but  the  germ  is  2  or  3-celled,  and  villous. 

PLATE    LXIV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.   The  germ. 


In  the  Herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in 
Philadelphia,  is  a  specimen  collected  in  Nepaul  by  Dr.  Wallich, 
named  jEscuhis  Lidica,  which  bears  no  inconsiderable  resem- 
blance to  the  present  species.  It  has  the  same  perfectly-smooth 
leaflets,  seven  in  number,  oblong-lanceolate,  serrulate,  and  acumi- 
nate, without  stipular  scales.  The  thyrsus  is  very  large,  com- 
pound, and  showy,  with  a  villous  irregularly-toothed  calyx,  often 
anteriorly  cleft,  as  in  the  preceding  species.  The  petals  appear 
to  have  been  white,  four  in  number,  the  two  inner  much  nar- 
rower, with  a  fading  red  spot  in  the  centre  of  each.  The  stamens 
are  five  to  seven,  and  much  exserted;  the  fruit,  without  spines, 
is  therefore  a  Pavia.  I  find  no  description  or  allusion  to  tliis 
magnificent  species,  which  well  deserves  a  place  in  gardens,  and 
is  probably  hardy. 

In  passing,  I  must  remark  that  no  two  species  of  the  genus 
are  more  perfectly  distinct  from  each  other  than  the  JE.  Ohio- 
ensis  of  Decandolle  and  Michaux,  (Pavia  of  the  latter,)  and  the 
^.  glahra.     The  OhioenMs  becomes  a  lofty  tree,  with  five  or  more 

Vol.  v.— 2 


18  LONG-SriKED     TAVIA. 

remarkably  long  leafletSj  (seven  to  nine  inches  long,)  acuminated 
at  each  end,  and  beneath  more  or  less  pubescent,  at  least  along 
the  ribs.  The  flowers  are  also  white  and  showy,  not  green  or 
yellowish  green,  and  inconspicuous  as  in  the  constantly  dwarf 
plant  known  as  jE.  glabra. 


Long-spiked  Pavia  [jEschIus  macrostacliya,  Mich.)  This  ele- 
gant and  very  distinct  Pavia  grows  abundantly  in  all  the  lower 
parts  of  Alabama  and  West  Florida.  The  fruit,  like  all  the  rest 
of  the  genus,  is  inedible  and  bitter,  and,  in  place  of  food,  affords 
a  pretty  good  fish-poison.  The  fecula  of  the  seeds  of  all  the 
species  can  be  manufactured  into  starch. 


V\  IXV 


SOAP-BERRY    TREE, 

(Savonnier,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  SAriNDACEiE.      (Jussieu.)     Llnna^an  Clas^tficatiou, 

OCTANDRIA,  TrIGYNIA. 

SAPINDUS.    (LixN.) 

Sepals  (or  calyx-leaves)  four  to  five.  Petals  four  or  five,  glandular  or 
bearded  within,  or  with  a  lateral  filament  at  the  summit  of  the 
claw.  Stamens  eight  to  ten,  with  the  filaments  villous.  Styles  com- 
bined, stigmas  three.  Carpels  three,  globose,  fleshy,  connate,  two 
of  them  in  general  abortive.  Seed  large  and  spherical,  one  in  each 
carpel,  (or  small  capsule.) 

The  plants  of  this  genus  are  small  trees,  with  the  present  excep- 
tions, and  one  of  doubtful  character  in  Japan,  all  inhabitants  of  the 
tropical  climates  of  America  and  India.  The  leaves  are  without 
stipules,  abruptly  pinnate,  or  unequally  pinnate  by  the  abortion  of 
the  last  pair  of  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  small  and  whitish,  very 
numerous,  disposed  in  racemes  or  panicles.  The  i:>ulp  of  the  berrica 
in  all  the  species  is  saponaceous.  (The  name  is  a  contraction  of  Sapo 
Indicus,  or  Indian  soap.) 


FLORIDA   SOAP-BERRY. 

Sapindus  MARGiNATtJS.     liacM  superiie  angustc  marginata,  foliolis  glahris 

incbqailatcralis  lanceolatis  suhfalcatis  acuminatis  5-6-ji(gis,  panicalis  com- 

positis  terniinalcbus,  petalis  iiu(ppc)idlcidatls. 

10 


20  SOAP-BERRY     TREE. 

Sapindus   marginatus. — Willd.,  Euumer.,  p.  432.     Decand.,  Prod., 

vol.  i.  p.  007.     ToRREY  and  Gray,  vol.  i.  p.  255. 
Sapindus  sr/jjo??^/"^.— Lamarck's  Illust.,  tab.  307.     Mich.,  Flor.  Bor. 

Am.,  i.  p.  242.     PuRsn.,  Flor.,  vol.  i.  p.  274.     Nutt.,  Gen.  Am.,  i. 

p.  257.     Elliott's  Sketches,  Bot.,  vol.  i.  p.  460.     8.  mwqualis.— 

Decand.,  vol.  i.  p.  608. 

This  elegant  tree,  exclusively  indigenous  to  the  United  States, 
is  found  along  the  coast  of  Georgia  and  Florida,  and  in  the  in- 
terior as  far  as  Arkansas.  It  varies  in  height  from  .twenty  to 
thirty  feet  and  sometimes  even  to  forty  feet.  Branches  erect  and 
smooth ;  the  leaves  smooth  and  shining,  composed  of  four  to  nine 
pair  of  alternate,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  suljfalcate  leaflets.  Pani- 
cles of  flowers  large,  dense,  terminal,  and  axillary. 

Berries  about  the  size  of  a  cherry,  with  a  saponaceous  pulp, 
usually  only  one  of  the  three  carpels  fertile. 

The  /S.  saponaria  of  the  "West  Indies,  to  which  this  species  is 
allied,  has  long  been  in  use  by  the  natives  for  the  purposes  of 
soap.  The  fleshy  covering  of  the  seed,  and  also  the  root  in 
some  measure,  makes  an  excellent  lather  in  water,  but,  if  used 
too  frequently  and  of  too  great  strength,  is  apt  to  burn  and  in- 
jure the  texture  of  the  cloth. 

The  round  black  seeds  were  at  one  time  largely  imported  into 
England,  for  the  purj^ose  of  making  buttons  for  waistcoats, 
being  durable  and  not  apt  to  break. 

At  present  they  are  used  in  the  West  Indies  for  various  orna- 
mental purposes,  being  tipped  with  silver  or  gold,  and  strung  for 
beads,  crosses,  &c.  It  is  also  used  as  a  medicine,  and,  pounded 
and  thrown  into  water,  has  the  singular  property  of  intoxicating 
and  killing  the  fish  which  may  be  there. 

The  wood  is  soft,  and  not  very  durable. 

PLATE  LXV. 

Iicji)rcscnts  d  braiivli  of  tlic  natural  size.     a.  A  panidc  of  Jiowers. 


PI.  LX^T. 


Melicorca  Paiiiculata. 

Round  fruiied  hona  -berrr  Knejiur  FanicaJc  . 


MELICOCC  A;=^  (Browne,  linn.) 

(Knepier,  Vr.) 


Natural    Order,   Sapindace^.       Llnnman   ClasHificatlon,  Octan- 

DRIA,  MONOGYNIA. 

Flowers  polygamous. —  Calyx  4  to  5-parted,  persistent.  Petals,  the 
same  number,  with  the  divisions  of  the  calyx  inserted  into  a  hypo- 
gynous  disk.  Stamens  often  eight.  Ovary  superior,  mostly  3-celled. 
Style  one,  the  stigma  capitate  or  3-lobed.  Drupe  coated,  mostly 
1-colled,  1-seeded.     Seed  attached  to  the  axis  of  the  cell. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  of  Tropical  America,  with  equally-pinnated, 
alternate  leaves,  usually  in  two  to  three  pairs,  and  entire.  The 
flowers  small,  disposed  in  axillary  or  terminal  spikes  or  panicles ;  the 
fruit  with  a  succulent  pulp. 


ROUND-FRUITED   HONEY-BERRY, 


OR 


GENIP   TREE. 

Melicocca  paniculata.  FoUis  jnnnatis,  2-S-j agis,  foUolis  ohlongo-lanceo- 
latis  intcgris,  Jioribus  ])aniciLlatis  subeorymbosis  laxis,  b-iKialls  driqns 
sphcericis. 

Melicocca  jmmculata. — Juss.,  Mem.  Mus.  Hist.  Nat.,  vo..  iii.  p.  187, 
t.  5.     Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  i.  p.  615. 

*  From  ij.sh,  honty,  and  xtj/.y.o(;,  a  licrry,  in  allusion  to  the  sweetness  jf  i.    fiuit. 

21 


22  HONEY-BERRY. 

Tins  species,  nearly  allied  to  the  common  Honey-Berry  of  the 
AVest  Indies,  (J/,  hijuga,)  was  discovered  in  St.  Domingo  by  M. 
Poiteau,  and  of  which  a  very  excellent  figure  is  given  by 
Jussieu,  in  the  "  Memoirs  of  the  Museum  of  Natural  History." 
Dr.  Blodgett  has  also  met  with  it  on  Key  West,  where  it  becomes 
a  large  tree.  Of  the  nature  of  the  wood  we  are  not  informed. 
The  fruit  of  the  common  species  is  said  to  be  about  the  size  of 
a  large  plum,  and  green ;  containing  a  sweet,  acid,  and  slightly- 
astringent,  gelatinous  pulp,  resembling  the  yolk  of  an  egg.  The 
berry  of  the  present  kind  appears  to  be  wholly  similar;  but  it 
is  spherical  instead  of  ovate.  The  nuts  of  the  Genip  Tree  are 
also  eaten,  after  being  roasted  in  the  manner  of  chestnuts.  The 
flowers  appear  in  April,  when  the  leaves  are  shed,  and  are  very 
fragrant,  even  at  a  distance,  attracting  swarms  of  bees  and 
humming-birds.  This  species,  according  to  Browne,  was  brought 
to  the  West  Indies  from  Surinam. 

The  wood  of  the  Melicocca  trijuga,  [Scldeicliera  trijuga,  Willd.) 
of  the  Isles  of  France  and  Bourbon,  is  so  hard  and  fine-grained 
as  to  afford  to  the  natives  a  favorite  wood  for  bows,  arrows,  and 
the  shaft  of  their  spears,  called  sagayes.  The  M.  hijuga  becomes 
a  large  and  beautiful  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  affording  an 
extensive  and  grateful  shade.  The  bark  of  the  branches  in  the 
Florida  plant  are  brownish  and  rough,  with  small  whitish  ex- 
erescences.  The  leaves  are  smooth  on  both  surfaces,  (in  the  St. 
Domingo  specimens,  a  little  pubescent  on  the  midrib  beneath,) 
of  a  dark  shining  green  above,  and  scarcely  any  paler  beneath. 
They  are  pinnated  usually  in  two  pairs,  rarely  three  or  only 
one  pair,  three  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long  by  from  one  to 
one  and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  wide,  with  the  main  petiole 
about  half  an  inch  long;  they  are  lanceolate  or  oblong,  usually 
obtuse,  delicately  feather-veined,  with  the  vessels  running  toge- 
ther and  reticulating  below  the  margin.  The  flowers  are  small, 
and  disposed  in  axillary  but  chiefly  terminal  panicles.  The 
calyx  is  tomentose,  witli  iixa  obtuse,  ovate,  spreading,  and  re- 


COMMON     A  I  L  A  N  T  II  U  S.  23 

fleeted  segments;  the  petals,  five,  are  smaller,  pale  yellow,  and 
narrowed  below  into  a  minute  claw.  Stamens  six  to  ten ;  often 
eight;  shorter  in  the  fertile  flowers,  and  in  them  usually  six. 
Germ  ovate.  Style  distinct,  with  a  capitate,  somewhat  three- 
lobed  stigma.  Drupe  spherical,  one-seeded,  coated  with  a  dry, 
rather  brittle  integument,  externally  yellowish. 

PLATE  LXVI. 

A  hranch  of  the  natural  size.     a.   The  male  jiower.     b.   The  female  flon'er. 
c.  A  cluster  of  the  drupes  about  half  grou-n. 


Common  Ailanthus,  [Allanthus  gJandalosa.)  This  tree, 
originally  from  China,  is  now  commonly  cultivated  for  its 
shade  in  towns  in  many  parts  of  the  United  States.  It  grows 
with  great  rapidity,  and  produces  a  great  deal  of  wood,  which  is 
found  to  be  of  a  close  grain,  and  capable  of  acquiring  a  fine 
polish.  In  this  State,  it  somewhat  resembles  satin-wood.  With 
its  durability  I  am  unacquainted;  but  if  found  useful  it  miglit 
be  cultivated  or  planted  over  w^aste  lands  in  the  Southern  and 
Middle  States  with  advantage. 


MAPLES, 

(Ekable,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  Acerine^.      (Decand.)      Lmncean  Classification, 

POLYGAMIA  OR  OCTANDRIA,  MONOGYNIA. 
ACEK.*      (TOURNEFORT.) 

Flowers  polygamous. — The  cali/x  5-lobed,  or  5-parted.  Petals  five  or 
none.  Stamens  rarely  five,  often  seven  to  nine;  ovarium  2-lobed, 
stigmas  two.  Samarce  or  pericarps  in  pairs,  winged,  united  at  base ; 
each  by  abortion  1  or  rarely  2-seeded,  the  wings  of  the  pericarp 
lanceolate  and  diverging,  thicker  and  blunt  on  the  outer  margin. 
Embryo  curved,  with  wrinkled  lofty  cotyledons,  and  an  inferior 
radicle :  albumen  none. 

Trees  and  shrubs  of  temperate  climates,  chiefly  of  Europe  and 
IsTorth  America,  the  leaves  opposite  as  well  as  the  branches,  palmately 
lobcd.  Flowers  clustered,  or  pendulously  racemose,  arising  from 
buds  of  the  preceding  season,  mostly  lateral. 


LARGE-LEAVED   MAPLE. 

Acer  macropiiyllum.  Foliis  dir/itato-5-lobis,  sumbus  rotundatis,  lobis  s}(b- 
trilobat'is  rcpando-dcntatis,  subtis  pubescciddnis,  raccmis  ercdis,  flam  cutis 
9,  hirsutJs,  ovarils  hirsutissimis. — Pursii,  Flor.  Amcr.  Sept.,  vol.  i.  p. 
2G7.     Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  i.  p.  504. 

*  From  the  Latin,  acrr,  sharp;  the  wood  having  been  nscd  for  pikes  or  lances 
24 


Pl.LSYli 


Acer  MaeropJivliiiiu 


lar^e^  lettyedy  ^aple^i 


Erable  u  tJrundes  IcutMes 


LARGE-LEAVED     M  A  T  L  E.  25 

Acer  macropiiyllum.  Leaves  largo,  very  deeply  5-1o bed;  lobes  oblong 
or  slightly  cuneiform,  entire,  or  sinuately  3-lobed,  the  margins 
somewhat  repand ;  racemes  uodding;  flowers  rather  large;  petals 
obovate;  fruit  hispid,  with  elongated  slightly-diverging  glabrous 
wings. — ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flora  N.  Amer.,  vol.  i.  j).  24G. 

Acer  macrophjllum. — Hooker's  Flora  Boreali  Americawa,  vol.  i.  p. 
112,  t.  38.  ■ 

The  topographical  range  of  this  splendid  species  of  Maple, 
wholly  indigenous  to  the  northwest  coast  of  America  or  the 
Territory  of  Oregon,  is  a  somewhat  narrow  strip  along  the  coast 
of  the  Pacific,  not  extending  into  the  interior  beyond  the 
alluvial  tracts  of  the  Oregon,  which  commence  at  the  second 
cataracts  of  that  river,  (known  by  the  name  of  the  Dalles,)  and 
at  the  distance  of  about  130  miles  from  the  sea.  To  the  north 
it  extends  probably  to  the  latitude  of  50°,  or  the  borders  of 
Fraser's  Elver,  and,  although  by  Decandolle  it  is  said  to  extend 
to  Upper  California  on  the  south,  we  did  not  observe  it  in  the 
vicinity  of  Monterey;  and  therefore  conclude  that  its  utmost 
boundary  in  this  direction  must  be  to  San  Francisco,  in  about 
the  38th  degree  of  latitude.  This  fine  species  was  discovered 
by  Menzies,  and  afterward  collected  by  Lewds  and  Clarke.  It 
nowhere  presents  a  more  interesting  appearance  to  the  traveller 
than  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  flills  of  the  Oregon;  its 
dense  shade,  due  to  the  great  magnitude  of  its  foliage  and  lofty 
elevation,  as  well  as  the  wide  extent  of  its  spreading  summit, 
are  greatly  contrasted  with  the  naked,  woodless  plains  of  that 
river,  which  continue  uninterruptedly  to  the  mountains, — a 
tract  over  which  the  traveller  seeks  in  vain  for  shade  or  shelter, 
and  where  the  fuel  requisite  to  cook  his  scanty  meal  has  to  be 
collected  from  the  accidental  drift--\vood  Avhich  has  been  borne 
down  from  the  distant  mountains  of  its  sources. 

The  largest  trunks  of  this  species  that  we  have  seen  were  on 
the  rich  alluvial  plains  of  the  Wahlamet,  and  particularly  near 
to  its  confluence  with  the  Tlacamas;  here  we  saw  trees  from 

Y^ 2* 


26  LARGE-LEAVED     MAPLE. 

fifty  to  ninety  feet  in  height,  with  a  circumference  of  eight  to 
sixteen  feet.  It  appears  always  to  affect  the  drier  and  more 
elevated  tracts,  where  the  soil  is  well  drained. 

The  wood,  like  that  of  the  Sugar  Maple,  exhibits  the  most 
beautiful  variety  in  its  texture,  some  of  it  being  undulated  or 
curled, — other  portions  present  the  numerous  concentric  spots 
w^hich  constitute  the  Bird's-eye  Maple ;  and  so  frequent  is  this 
structure,  that  nearly  every  large  tree  which  was  cut  down 
afforded  one  or  other  of  these  varieties  of  wood.  As  yet,  in 
those  remote  and  unsettled  regions,  it  has  only  afforded  a  beauti- 
ful and  curious  material  for  the  gun-stock  of  the  savage  or  the 
hunter.  Like  the  Sugar  Maple,  also,  it  affords  an  abundance  of 
saccharine  sap,  which,  to  an  infant  settlement,  may  one  day  be 
turned  to  advantage.  As  an  ornamental  plant,  it  stands  pre- 
eminent; and  from  the  latitude  it  occupies  it  must  be  entirely 
hardy  in  every  part  of  Europe  below  the  latitude  of  60°.  The 
young  trees  are  often  tall,  slender,  and  graceful,  and  when  in 
blossom,  which  is  about  the  month  of  April,  present  a  very  im- 
posing appearance,  clad  with  numerous  drooping  racemes  of 
rather  conspicuous  yellowish  and  somewhat  fragrant  flowers. 
At  an  after-period,  the  spreading  summit  of  deep  green  leaves, 
each  near  a  foot  in  diameter,  affords  an  impervious  and  complete 
shade.  The  fruit  or  carpels  are  also  larger  than  usual,  and 
have  the  remarkable  character  of  being  clothed,  even  when  ripe, 
with  strong  hispid  hairs.  The  flowers,  irregular  in  the  number 
of  their  parts,  present  often  as  many  as  ten  sepals  in  two  rows, 
and  the  same  number  of  stamens.  The  carpels  or  seed-vessels 
also  grow  sometimes  as  many  as  three  together. 

According  to  Loudon,  specimens  of  the  timber,  w^hich  were 
sent  home  by  Douglas,  exhibit  a  grain  scarcely  inferior  in 
beauty  to  the  finest  satin-wood.  A  tree,  grown  in  the  Loudon 
Horticultural  Society's  Garden,  had,  in  1835,  attained  the 
height  of  twenty-five  feet ;  and  it  makes,  when  well  cultivated, 
annual  shoots  of  from  six  to  ten  feet  in  length,  and  plants  are 


Pi.Lxvm. 


-V-irry 


A V  ev  Vir  oina liua 


Refund  Uuved^Uaple: 


\  r 

V 


ROUND-LEAVED     MAPLE.  27 

to  be  had  in  London  at  half  a  crown  a-piece.  It  deserves  to  be 
cultivated  also  in  the  United  States,  as  it  is  one  of  the  most 
useful  and  ornamental  trees  of  the  genus,  and  at  the  same  time 
perfectly  hardy  in  all  temperate  climates.- 

PLATE  LXVII. 

A  leaf  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  raceme  of  floorers,     h.  The  fruit. 


ROUKD-LEAVED   MAPLE. 

Acer  circinatum.  Foliis  orbiculatis  hasi  subcordaiis  1-lohis  inccqualiicr 
acute-dentatis  uirinque  glabris,  ncrvis  venisque  ad  axillas  pilosis. — 
PuRSH,  Flor.  Am.  Sept.,  i.  p.  267.  Hooker,  Flor.  Bor.  Am., 
i.  p.  112,  t.  39. 

Acer  circinatUxM.  Leaves  cordate,  7  to  9-lobed,  the  nerves  all  radia- 
ting directly  from  the  apex  of  the  petiole ;  lobes  very  acutely  ser- 
rate, with  a  slender  acumination  ;  corymb  few-flowered ;  petals 
ovate  or  linear,  shorter  than  the  calyx;  fruit  glabrous,  with  oblong, 
divaricate  wings. — Torrey  and  Gray,  Flor.  Am,,  i.  p.  247. 

Tins  remarkable  species,  like  the  preceding,  is  confined  to  a 
narrow  district  along  the  coast  of  the  Pacific,  bounded,  accord- 
ing to  the  observations  of  Mr.  Douglas,  between  the  latitudes 
of  43°  and  49°.  It  is  certain  that  we  did  not  meet  with  it  in 
any  part  of  Upper  California,  and  it  is  therefore  fully  as  hardy 
as  the  preceding.  Though  much  more  singular  in  modt;  of 
growth  and  general  appearance,  it  has  nothing  of  its  imposing 
grandeur.  The  trunk,  which  is  smooth,  only  attains  thj  height 
of  fifteen  to  forty  feet.  It  affects  the  lowest  alluvial  flats  that 
escape  the  influence  of  the  periodical  inundations  to  which  the 
rivers  it  borders  are  subject;  here  the  stems  arise  in  clusters 


28  ROUND-LEAVED     MAPLE. 

of  four  or  five  together,  conjoined  at  the  root,  from  whence 
they  spread  out  in  wide  curves,  sending  off  slender,  spreading 
Dranches,  that  often  on  touching  the  ground  strike  out  roots, 
and  give  rise  to  offsets  so  numerous  and  so  entangled  as  almost 
wholly  to  obstruct  the  progress  of  the  hunter  through  the 
forest.  The  dense  shade  it  also  produces  excludes  nearly  every 
other  vegetable,  and  its  curved  and  interlaced  trunks,  like  those 
of  the  Mangrove,  form  a  kindred  forest  sometimes  of  several 
acres  in  extent.  It  is  this  singular  tree,  chiefly  in  connection 
with  the  Large-Leaved  Maple,  which,  on  descending  the  Oregon, 
at  the  Lower  Falls,  first  presents  us  with  the  phenomenon  of  a 
forest,  and  that,  too,  of  the  most  impervious  shade,  and  which, 
in  low  situations,  continues  to  accompany  us  even  into  the 
heart  of  the  Pine  forest,  to  the  shores  of  the  Pacific. 

According  to  Douglas,  the  wood  is  fine,  white,  close-grained, 
tough,  and  susceptible  of  a  good  polish,  and,  like  that  of  the 
Ked  Maple,  it  sometimes  presents  a  beautiful  curled  fibre. 
From  the  slender  branches,  the  aborigines  make  the  hoops 
of  their  large  scoop-nets  employed  in  taking  the  salmon  at 
the  rapids,  and  in  the  contracted  parts  of  the  river,  to  which 
they  ascend. 

The  leaves  of  this  species  are  of  a  delicate  and  thin  consist^ 
ence,  and,  from  their  nearly-equal  and  numerous  points,  with 
the  straight  direction  of  the  ribs,  present  the  appearance  of 
small,  outspread  fans.  At  the  extremities  of  the  twigs,  when 
the  leaves  are  almost  fully  grown,  in  the  month  of  May,  come 
out  the  scattered  clusters  of  flowers,  which  at  a  little  distance 
appear  red,  from  the  color  of  the  calyx.  The  fruit  itself,  or 
winged  capsules,  also  appear  of  a  bright  and  lively  red,  and 
have  a  peculiarity  in  the  direction  of  the  wings,  nearly  at  right 
angles  with  the  peduncle  or  flower-stalk,  which  does  not  exist 
in  any  other  of  our  species. 

Judging  merely  from  the  very  brief  specific  character  of  the 
Acer  septGmlohum   of  Japan,    as   described   by    Thunberg,    we 


Pl.liXJX 


AcfL-  C-iHiidirlcnUitum. 


MOUNTAIN     SUGAR     M  A  T  L  E.  29 

should  imagine  there  existed  in  that  species  no  inconsiderable 
affinity  with  our  plant. 

PLATE  LXVIII. 

A  twig  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  fertile  Jlowcrs.     b.  The  yiiale  fiov:ers. 


MOUNTAIN   SUGAR  MAPLE. 

Acer  grandidentatum.  Leaves  sliglitly  cordate  or  truncate  at  the 
base,  with  a  miiuite  siuus ;  pubescent  l)encatli ;  rather  deeply 
3-lobed,  the  sinuses  broad  and  rounded ;  lobes  acute,  with  a  few 
sinuous  indentations ;  corymb  nearly  sessile,  few-llowered ;  the 
pedicels  nodding;  fruit  glabrous,  with  small  diverging  wings. — 
NuTTALL,  in  ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flora  N.  Am.,  i.  p.  247.  A.  bar- 
batiim? — DouGL.,  in  Hook.,  Flora Bor.  Am.,  1.  c,  (not  of  Miciiaux.) 

This  species,  nearly  related  to  the  Common  Sugar  Maple, 
occurs  in  the  high  valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  nearly  in 
the  same  situations  with  the  Currant-Leaved  species,  forming 
small  groves  by  themselves,  remarkable  for  the  delicate  pale- 
ness of  their  verdure,  and  filling,  apparently,  situations  occu- 
pied by  scarcely  any  other  forest  trees  but  the  trembling  and 
large-toothed  Poplars.  They  never  attain  the  magnitude  of 
the  true  Sugar  Maple,  all  that  we  saw  being  mere  saj^jlings  of 
eighteen  to  twenty  feet  high,  and  buL  little  thicker  than  a 
man's  leg,  with  a  smooth,  pale  bark.  The  leaves  are  also 
smaller,  as  well  as  the  winged  capsules,  and  the  leaves,  when 
adult,  are  still  rather  softly  hairy  beneath,  and  with  both  sur- 
faces nearly  of  the  same  color;  the  pedicels  and  base  of  the 
calyx  are  also  hairy.  From  the  affinities  of  this  species,  there 
can  be  little  doubt  but  that  it  might  be  employed,  as  far  as  it 


30  D  R  U  M  M  0  N  D '  S     MAPLE. 

goes,  for  all  the  purposes  to  which  the  Sugar  Maple  is  applicable, 
and,  probably,  in  some  of  the  richer  and  lower  lands,  it  may 
attain  a  sufficient  growth  for  economical  purposes. 

This  species  is,  doubtless,  the  Acer  harhatum  of  Douglas,  not 
of  Michaux,  (which  is  indeed  a  nonentity  made  of  fragments  of 
several  species.)  He  found  it  growing  in  valleys,  near  springs, 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  the  sources  of 
the  Columbia.  We  also  met  with  it  in  a  lofty  ravine  on  the 
Three  Butes,  two  days'  march  to  the  west  of  Lewis's  River. 
The  real  Sugar  Maple  is  said  by  Torrey  and  Gray  to  grow  as 
far  west  as  Arkansas  and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

PLATE  LXLX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  sL:e,  ivlth  the  fruit 


DRUMMOND'S   MAPLE. 

Acer  drummondii.  Foliis  cordaiis  majusculis,  S-5-lobatis  subtus  tomen- 
iosis  canesccntibus  lobls  acutis  fastlglatis  i.nmjuaUter  inciso-dentatis,  jmli- 
celiis  elo7igatis,  fructlbus  glabris,  alts  lato  hniccolatls  vix  dwergcntlbus. 

Acer  drummondii. — Hooker  and  Arnott,  in  Journ.  Botan.,  p  199. 

Acer  rubritm,  ;-? — Torrey  and  Gray,  Flora  N.  Anier.,  vol.  i.  p.  684. 

This  line  species  of  Maple  was  discovered,  by  Drummond  and 
Professor  Carpenter,  in  Louisiana.  It  is  found  exclusively  in 
very  low  swamps  generally  subject  to  inundation,  and  flowers 
in  February,  three  weeks  earlier  than  any  other  species  in  the 
same  country,  according  to  Professor  Carpenter:  he  met  with  it 
more  particularly  in  the  swamps  of  Opelousas. 

This  tree,  though  allied  to  the  Red  Maple,  appears  to  be  suffi- 


PI  Lsx: 


Acer  DnmiiiLojidii. 


D  R  U  i\I  M  0  N  D '  S     ]M  A  r  L  E.  31 

ciently  distinct  from  that  species  as  well  by  its  general  appear- 
ance as  its  geograpliical  range,  as  yet  being  only  known  to  the 
swamps  of  Louisiana.  I  have  also  been  told  of  its  existence  in 
the  province  of  Texas. 

The  bark  of  the  small  branches  appears  to  be  light  brown ; 
the  young  shoots,  petioles,  and  the  lower  side  of  the  leaves,  are 
clothed,  even  when  adult,  with  a  white,  soft,  and  woolly  pubes- 
cence, which,  when  removed  from  the  foliage,  leaves  a  glaucous 
surface;  above,  they  are  smooth.  The  leaves  are  three  to  four 
and  a  half  inches  long  by  four  or  five  wide,  with  three  to  five 
rather  short  lobes,  having  acute  sinuses;  the  lower  lobes  are 
small  and  obtuse,  the  terminal  ones  acute,  but  scarcely  acumi- 
nate, and  the  central  lobe  scarcely  longer  than  the  rest;  the 
base  of  the  leaf,  when  fully  grown,  is  auriculated  with  a  small 
sinus;  the  margin  is  irregularly  serrated  and  toothed,  with  the 
serratures  and  teeth  distant  and  often  obtuse.  The  fruit,  situ- 
ated on  long,  smooth,  clustered  peduncles,  is  at  first  divergent 
at  an  acute  angle,  at  length  almost  convergent  by  the  inner 
enlargement  of  the  wing  of  the  carpel,  which  is  broadly  lanceo- 
late, strongly  veined,  and  confluent  below,  down  to  the  juncture 
of  the  fruit.  The  wings  of  the  samara  are  at  first  reddish,  at 
length  brown.  The  adult  samara  is  from  one  and  a  half  to  one 
and  three-fourths  of  an  inch  lone;  and  about  half  an  inch  wide. 


PLATE   LXX. 

A  branch  of  the  iiataral  size,  irith  a  cluster  of  (he  fruit  in  a  youny  state,  a7\d 

the  adult  samara. 


CURRANT-LEAVED   MAPLE. 

Acer  tripartitum.  Folils  subrenif or  mi-orb  icularis  irifidis  iripariiiisve, 
laciniis  inciso-dcntaiis,  medio  cuneiformibus  siiblobatis,  laterali  subrhom- 
boidco,  racemis  corymb osis  ;  fruciibus  glabris,  alis  brevissimis  latis  cuneaio- 
ovalibus  divergcntibus. 

Acer  irijutrdtum.  Leaves  with  a  subreniform,  orbicular  outline,  3-cleft 
or  3-parted;  segments  incisely  toothed  ;  the  middle  one  cuneiform, 
often  slightly  lobed,  the  lateral  ones  somewhat  rhomboidal ;  racemes 
corymbose  ;  fruit  glabrous,  with  very  short  and  broad  cuneate-oval 
diverging  wrings. — Nuttall,  in  Torrey  and  Gray's  Flora  Bor. 
Am.,  i.  p.  247. 

This  singular  shrub,  Avliicli  we  introduce  into  the  Sjlva  of 
the  United  States  to  complete  the  history  of  the  Maples,  was 
discovered  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  range,  in  about  the  latitude 
of  40°,  within  the  line  of  Upper  California,  in  the  narrow 
valleys  and  ravines  occupying  the  lofty  hills  near  the  borders  of 
Bear  River,  Avhich  passes  into  the  Lake  of  Timpanogos.  It 
appeared  to  be  a  scarce  species,  confined  to  an  alpine  region ;  for 
we  found,  by  observing  the  boiling-point  of  water,  that  the 
plains  themselves,  stretching  far  and  wide  like  interminable 
meadows  or  steppes,  were  elevated  between  six  and  seven  thou- 
sand feet  above  the  level  of  the  ocean. 

At  a  little  distance,  this  diminutive  species  might  have  been 
taken  for  a  Currant  bush  both  in  the  size  of  the  jDlant  and  by 
its  leaves.  It  formed  small  clumps  on  the  declivities  of  the 
mountains,  where  some  moisture  still  remained  amid  the  drought 
which  constantly  prevails  throughout  the  summer  in  this  West- 
ern mountain  tract.  From  the  cool  and  elevated  region  occupied 
])y  this  species,  it  is  certain  that  it  might  be  cultivated  in  all 
the  temperate  parts  of  Europe  and  the  United  States,  as  a 
matter   of  curiosity,  if  not   of  beauty.      The   leaves,  divided 


P1.1.XXT. 


Acer  tripitrtitirnL 


D  W  A  R  F     M  A  P  L  E.  33 

down  to  the  base,  make  an  approach  in  habit  to  the  genus 
Negundo  or  Box  Elder,  though  in  other  respects  diflerent. 

The  height  of  this  species  is  not  more  than  about  three  feet. 
The  leaves  have  petioles  longer  than  themselves.  The  branches 
are  whitish  and  smooth,  as  is  every  other  part  of  the  plant; 
the  leaves  of  a  dark,  glossy  green.  The  winged  fruit  is  small, 
and  in  proportion  with  the  reduced  stature  of  the  species,  hav- 
ing the  wings  broad  even  at  the  base,  so  as  to  leave  between 
them  an  unusually-small  sinus.  Bud-scales  broad-ovate,  villous 
within. 

Japan  again  affords,  ap23arently,  an  analogous  species  to  the 
present  in  the  Acer  trlfidnm  of  Thunberg;  but  in  this  the  leaves 
are  also  entire  as  well  as  trifid,  and  the  divisions  themselves 
entire.     It  is  also  marked  as  becoming  a  tree. 

PLATE  LXXI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


DWAEF    MAPLE. 

Acer  glabrum.  Foliis  subroiimdis,  ?>-b-lohatis  hasi  iruncaiis,  lohis  incisis^ 
acute  deniatis  uirinque  glabris,  corymbis  j^edunculatis  ;  fructibus  glabris, 
alls  ereciis  subobovatis  brevibus ;  petioUs  foliis  brevioribus. 

Acer  glabrum. — Torret,  Am.  Lyceum  N.  York,  vol.  ii.  p.  172. 

Acer  glabrum.  Leaves  nearly  orbicular,  truncate  or  subcordate  at 
base,  3  to  5-lobed;  lobes  short  and  broad,  acutely  incised  and 
toothed;  flowers  in  a  corymbose  raceme,  fruit  glabrous,  tlie  wings 
very  short  and  broad,  somewhat  obovatc,  nearly  erect. — Torre Y 
and  Gray,  Flor.  N.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  247. 

This  diminutive  species,  closely  related  to  the  Currant-leaved 
Maple,  w\as  met  with  in  the  Eocky  Mountains,  by  Dr.  James, 

Vol.  v.— 3 


34  R  E  D     M  A  P  L  E. 

in  about  the  latitude  of  40°.  In  size  and  form,  the  leaves 
resemble  the  Common  Currant,  and  are  somewhat  smaller  than 
in  the  preceding;  they  are  smooth,  and  commonly  three-lobed, 
with  very  acute  and  narrow  sinuses,  which  scarcely  extend 
down  to  the  middle  of  the  leaf;  the  lobes  are  broader  than 
long,  blunt,  and  often  subdivided  into  two  or  three  lesser  parts. 
The  petioles  are  shorter  than  the  leaves.  The  flowers  about 
six,  in  a  short,  umbellate  raceme.  Stamens  and  linear-obtuse 
sepals  quite  smooth.  Stamens  about  eight,  with  the  same 
number  of  sepals.  The  wings  of  the  fruit  approach  the  size  of 
those  of  the  European  Acer  campestre,  or  a  little  shorter,  but 
broader  and  more  obtuse.  Douglas  also  found  the  same  species 
(according  to  Torrey  and  Gray)  growing  in  the  Blue  Mountains 
of  Oregon,  which  are  about  forty  miles  east  of  the  Oregon  or 
Columbia  River. 

We  have  not  had  an  opportunity  of  figuring  this  species,  the 
specimens  being  too  imperfect. 

In  regard  to  the  geographical  limits  of  the  North  American 
Maples,  the  A.  dasycaiyum,  or  White  Maple,  so  abundant  along 
all  the  great  Western  streams,  also  continues  into  the  Western 
prairies  as  far  as  the  banks  of  the  Arkansas,  till  at  length, 
stripped  of  its  rich  alluvial  lands,  it  enters  the  arid  plains  of 
the  Far  West.  It  is  also  met  with  on  the  banks  of  the  Kansas 
and  Big  Vermilion  River,  west  of  the  Missouri,  accompanied 
l)y  the  Negundo  aceroides,  or  Box  Elder,  which  latter  continues 
to  the  borders  of  the  Platte.  It  is  now  much  cultivated  as  a 
shade  tree  in  the  streets  of  our  towns  and  cities,  where  it  grows 
with  rapidity,  and  is  not  attacked  by  insects. 


The  Red  Maple,  {A.  ruhnim,)  which  extends  from  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  to  Canada,  is  also,  according  to  Douglas,  found  west 


S  U  G  A  R     M  A  r  L  E.  35 

of  the  sources  of  the  Oregon:  this  fact,  however,  we  have  not 
been  able  to  corroborate.  A  variety  with  yelkncish  flowers, 
noticed  by  Marshall,  is  not  nnfrequent  in  the  vicinity  of  Phila- 
delphia, in  New  Jersey,  and  in  Chester  county,  according  to  Dr. 
Darlington.  In  this  the  leaves  are  smaller  and  three-lobed,  and 
more  or  less  tomentose  beneath. 


The  Bearded  Maple,  (A.  harhatum  of  Michaux,)  according 
to  Torrey  and  Gray,  turns  out  to  be  a  nonentity,  as  it  is  foinided 
upon  the  flowers  of  the  Sugar  Maple,  the  fruit  of  the  Red  Maple, 
and  a  leaf  (probably)  of  the  Ace?'  sjncaium  or  Mountain  Maple ! 


Sugar  Maple,  {A.sacclmrinum.)  It  is  reported  that  1,005,000 
pounds  of  maple  sugar  have  been  made  annually  of  late  in  New 
Hampshire,  and  that  several  of  the  counties  use  it  exclusively, 
raising  some  also  for  sale. 

The  Sugar  Maple,  in  and  about  Warwick,  Goshen,  and  Eden- 
ville,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  as  well  as  in  the  neighboring 
parts  of  New  Jersey,  attains  an  unusually-large  growth.  Trees 
near  Edenville  may  be  seen  which  are  eighty  to  ninety  feet 
high,  and  with  a  diameter  of  from  two,  three,  or  even  four 
feet.  A  very  vigorous  tree  with  a  round  summit,  clad  nearly  to 
the  base  with  a  dense  and  very  shady  circle  of  branches,  about 
seventy  feet  high,  having  a  diameter  of  two  feet  ten  inches,  and 
yet  a  comparatively  young  and  vigorous  tree,  may  be  seen  near 
the  late  Dr.  Fowler's  house,  at  Franklin  Furnace;  and  several 
others  in  the  same  neighborhood  appear  equally  beautiful  and 
large.  In  the  old  trees,  the  bark,  accumulating  for  ages,  gives 
the  trunk  a  rough  and  shaggy  appearance,  almost  equal  to  that 
of  the  Shellbark  Hickory. 

Of  this  genus  there  are,  according  to  Decandolle,  one  species 


36  SUGAR    MATLE. 

in  Tartary,  five  in  Europe,  (excluding  varieties  erected  into 
species,)  six  in  Japan,  one  with  oblong,  acuminate,  entire  leaves 
in  Nepaul,  and  specimens  of  six  more  species  in  the  Herbarium 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  collected 
also  in  Nepaul,  by  Dr.  Wallich,  and  probably  in  the  region  of 
the  Himalaya  Mountains.  Of  these  the  most  remarkable  is 
the  Acer  candatum,  with  unequally-serrated  three-lobed  leaves, 
having  slender  acuminated  points  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 


n  Lxxii 


Negundo    Calif ornieum. 
Calif orman  Bojr  UUrr  UrabU  ^ic  Cahfornu. 


N  E  G  U  N  D  0. 

(MoENCii.,  ISTuTT.,  Gen.  Am.)    Acer,  (Linn.) 


Flowers  dicecious.  Cahjx  minute,  4  to  5-toothed.  Petals  none.  Male. 
— Stamens  four  to  five,  anthers  linear  and  acuminate.  Sainara  (or 
fruit)  similar  to  tliat  of  the  Maple. 

Trees  of  Xorth  America,  with  pinnate  or  twice  trifoliate  leaves,  the 
leaves  ovate  or  lanceolate,  toothed  or  incisely  cleft,  resemhling  those 
of  an  Ash.  Eacemes  of  the  male  flowers  short  and  aggregated,  with 
filiform  pedicels.     Fertile  flowers  racemose. 


CALIFORNIAN  BOX  ELDER. 

Negundo  Californicum.  Foliis  irifoliolatis  pubescentibits  juvioribus  io- 
mentosis,  foliolis  ovatis  acuminatis  trilobatis  inciso-scrratis ;  frudibus 
jmbescentibus. 

Negundo  Californicum. — Hook,  and  Arnott,  Bot.  Beechy,  SuppL,  p. 
327,  t.  77.     ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flora,  vol.  i.  pp.  250  and  684. 

Of  this  species,  collected  by  Douglas  in  Upper  California,  wc 

know  nothing  from  personal  observation,  not  having  met  with  it 

in  our  visit  to  that  country.     It  is  remarkable  for  the  almost 

tomentose  pubescence  of  its  leaves,  and  the  petioles  and  young 

branchlets  are  said  to  be  velvety;  the  leaflets,  usually  three,  are 

ovate-acuminate,  three-lobed,  cleft,  and  serrated.     The  samara 

37 


38  BOX    ELDER. 

oblong,  pubescent,  rather  shorter  than  the  oblique,  obovate,  and 
nearly  erect  wings  of  the  seed. 

It  appears  there  is  jet  a  third  species  of  this  genus,  called  by 
Decandolle,  Necjundo  Mexicanum,  which  has  also  trifoliate  leaves. 

PLATE  LXXII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  in  fruit,     a.   TJie  male  floioers. 


Box  Elder,  [Negwido  aceroides.)  This  tree,  on  the  low  allu- 
vial borders  of  rivers,  extends  much  farther  to  the  north  than  was 
supposed  by  Michaux.  Richardson,  Drummond,  and  Douglas 
found  it  to  be  abundant  about  the  Red  River  and  Saskatchawan, 
which  latter  river  (in  latitude  54°)  is  its  most  northern  limit. 
It  also  occurs  on  the  western  banks  of  the  Missouri,  and  those 
of  the  streams  which  enter  it  from  the  west.  It  likewise  extends 
into  the  interior  of  Arkansas,  and  for  some  distance  on  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Platte.  According  to  Douglas,  the  Crow  Indians 
manufacture  sugar  from  its  sap ;  but  it  is  not  near  as  saccharine 
as  that  of  the  Sugar  Maple. 


PI.  ijcair. 


Biu^  IfUveat  Trtc. 


Clif  tonia  ligustrma . 

Cliff  fin  if  n  jfuilh^'-  r/r  Troc/if . 


BUCKWHEAT    TREE. 


Natural  Order,  MALPiGiiiACEiE.     (Juss.)     Luina^au  Class ifimi ion, 
Decandria,  Monogtnia. 

CLIFTONIA.*     (SoLANDER,  Herb.,  Banks   and  Gaertner.)     Mylo 

CARIUM.       (WiLLD.,    EllUm.) 

Cal>/x  inferior,  5-cleft.  Pciats  five,  unguiculate.  Stamens  ten,  five  of 
them  sliorter,  tlie  filaments  dilated  at  base ;  anthers  opening  longi- 
tudinally. Germ  prismatic,  3  or  4-sided.  Stigma  sessile,  3  or 
4-lobed.     Capsule  dilated,  mostly  3-winged,  3-celled.     Seed  solitary. 

A  tree  with  alternate,  entire,  coriaceous,  evergreen  leaves,  without 
stipules.  Flowers  bracteolate,  in  terminal  racemes,  white  tinged  with 
a  blush  of  red. 


BUCKWHEAT   TEEE. 

Cliftonia  ligustrina.  Mi/locariimi  Ugustrinum,  \Yilld.,  Enum.,  Ilab 
Berol.  PuRSH,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  i,  p.  302,  1. 14.  Elliott,  Sketch  1. 
p.  508.     Bot.  Mag.,  t.  1625. 

This  elegant  tree,  which  enlivens  the  borders  of  the  pine- 
barren  swamps  of  the  South,  is  met  with  nowhere  to  the  north 
of  the  Savannah  River,  on  the  line  of  Georgia  and  South  Caro- 
lina.    From  hence  it  is  occasionally  seen  in  all  the  lower  and 

*  In  honor  of  Dr.  Francis  Clifton,  of  London,  a  Fellow  of  the  Royal  Society, 
and  a  medical  writer  of  the  last  century. 

39 


40  BUCKWHEATTREE. 

maritime  region  of  Georgia,  as  well  as  the  lower  part  of  Alabama 
and  West  Florida.  It  attains  the  height  of  eight  to  fifteen  or 
more  i'vet,  being  much  branched,  and  spreading  out  at  the  sum- 
mit like  an  Apple  Tree.  The  verticillate  branches  are  regularly 
covered  with  a  smooth  gray  bark.  The  wood  is  compact  and 
whitish.  It  is  exceedingly  ornamental  in  flower,  which  takes 
j)lace  in  early  spring,  in  the  month  of  March,  when  the  whole 
surface  of  the  tree  is  covered  with  the  most  delicate,  elegant,  and 
somewhat  fragrant  flowers.  The  borders  of  all  the  still  and 
sluggish  streams  and  the  dark  swamps  of  the  South  are  en- 
livened by  the  numerous  trees  of  this  species  with  which  they 
are  interspersed.  In  the  intervals  of  their  shade,  in  West  Florida, 
we  frequently  saw  gromng,  and  already  in  flower,  the  Atamasco, 
Lily,  or  Amaryllis  of  the  North. 

When  the  flowers  are  past,  the  tree  puts  on  a  still  more 
curious  appearance,  being  loaded  with  triangular,  winged  cap- 
sules resembling  Buckwheat;  and  hence  its  common  name. 
The  leaves  resemble  those  of  Privet,  are  evergreen,  thick,  very 
smooth,  not  perceptibly  veined,  and  glaucous  beneath. 

In  the  spring  of  1773,  the  indefatigable  Wm.  Bartram  dis- 
covered this  tree,  where  I  afterward  also  saw  it  growing,  on  the 
borders  of  the  Savannah  Kiver,  in  Georgia.  He  thus  very 
clearly  describes  it  as  "a  new  shrub  of  great  beauty  and  singu- 
larity. It  grows  erect,  seven  or  eight  feet  high.  A  multitude 
of  stems  arise  from  its  root,  there  divide  themselves  into  ascend- 
ing branches,  which  are  garnished  with  abundance  of  narrow, 
lanceolate,  obtuse-pointed  leaves,  of  a  Hglit  green,  smooth  and 
shining.  These  branches,  with  their  many  subdivisions,  termi- 
nate in  simple  racemes  of  pale  incarnate  flowers,  which  make  a 
fine  appearance  among  the  leaves.  The  flowers  are  succeeded 
by  desiccated  triquetrous  pericarpi,  each  containing  a  single 
kernel."     (Bartram's  Travels,  p.  31.) 

How  so  fine  a  plant  came  to  be  overlooked  for  near  half  a 
century  is  really  surprising,  considering  the  avidity  of  coUec- 


B  U  C  K  W  II  E  A  T     T  R  E  E.  41 

tors  and  gardeners.  In  the  Northern  States  and  in  Britain,  it 
is  a  hardy  greenhouse  plant,  and  well  worth  cultivating.  But 
to  see  it  in  perfection,  you  must  behold  it  in  its  native  swamps, 
attaining  the  magnitude  of  a  tree,  and  blooming  profusely  on 
the  verge  of  winter,  without  any  thing  near  it  as  a  contrast, 
save  a  withered  carpet  of  leaves  and  leafless  plants,  and  in  the 
midst  of  a  gloom  and  solitude  that  scarcely  any  thing  else  at 
the  same  time  relieves. 

In  Bartram's  Botanic  Garden,  (Philadelphia,)  it  appeared  to 
be  quite  hardy,  and  survived  for  many  years  without  any  pro- 
tection. 

PLATE   LXXIII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size;  the  fruit. 


v. 


C  Y  R  I  L  L  A. 


Niittmil  Order,  Cyrile^e/'=  (Torroy  and  Gray,  in  note,  Flor.  N. 
Amer.,  vol.  i.  p.  25G.)  Erice^,  (Jussieu.)  Llnncmn  Classlfir- 
acfion,  Pentandria,  MokogyniA. 

CYRILLA.f     (RiciiAKD,  in  Micii.     Dr.  Garden  and  Linn.,  exclud- 
ing Lhe  fruit.) 

Cub/x  5-partcd,  persistent,  the  divisions  small,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute. 
Petals  five,  seasilc,  lanceolate,  and  acute,  thick  and  convex  in  the 
centre,  exceeding  the  length  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  five,  about  the 
length  of  the  petals,  the  filaments  subulate,  anthers  cordate,  dis- 
tinct, 2-celled,  opening  longitudinally.  Ocari/  superior,  oval,  with 
a  short  style,  and  two  or  rarely  three  thick  obtuse  stigmas ;  ovules 
solitary,  suspended.  Pericarp  oval,  small,  at  first  somewhat  fleshy 
indehiscent,  at  length  suberose,  2-cellcd,  the  cells  1-seeded,  and 
the  seed  pendulous  from  the  summit  of  the  cells. 

*  To  this  geuus,  as  a  natural  group,  Torrey  and  Gray  refer  also  the  Ch'ftonia, 
{Mijlocarium.,  WiLLD.,)  as  well  as  the  Elliottia  of  Muhlenberg,  and  the  wliole 
are  considered  as  a  suborder  of  Ericace^.  Of  Elliottia,  however,  I  conceive  we 
know  too  little  to  be  able  to  decide  on  its  natural  affinities:  it  will  probably  remain 
near  Cletlira  in  Ericaceoe.  Cliftonia  appears  to  be  inseparable  from  the  Malpi- 
cniiACE^E.  The  only  genus,  then,  at  present  embraced  in  this  order  is  that  of 
('yrilla,  which,  witliout  any  real  affinity  to  the  Ericaceae,  is  allied  to  the  Malpi- 
(iHiACE.io  by  its  fruit.  The  description  of  the  genus,  for  the  present,  may  be  con- 
sidered also  as  that  of  tlie  order.  1'he  fruit  of  some  other  plant  than  the  present 
is  described  by  liinnanis,  Sclirebcr,  Willdenow,  L'lleritier,  and  Duhamel;  as 
they  give  a  bilocular,  bivalvular  capsule,  containing  many  small  angular  seeds. 
It  is  to  llichard,  in  jMichaux,  that  we  owe  the  first  correct  description  of  the 
fruit  of  ( 'yrilla. 

t  In  honor  of  Dominico  Cyrilli,  professor  of  Medicine,  at  Naples,  and  a  bo- 
tanical author. 
-12 


P1.LXX1\' 


C^^rilla  raceniiflora. 

Carolina  fyriUa.  CynlU  ,k  Carclinc . 


CAROLINA  CYRILLA. 

Cyrilla   racemiflora.     Foliis  cuneato-lanccolatis,  viz  acutis,  sub-mon- 

bnmaccis,  glabrls,  pdalls  cahjce  tr'qilo  longioribus  medio  convexis. 
Cyrilla  racemiflora. — Linn.,  Mantis,  p.  50.     Walter.,  Flor.  Carol., 

p.  103.     Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  1.  c.     Elliott,  Sketcli.,  vol.  i.  p.  294. 

!N'ouv.  Duiiamel,  vol.  i.  p.  115,  tab.  46. 
Cyrilla  racemifera. — Vandell.,  Florul.  Lusitan.  et  Brcsil,  specim.  88. 
Cyrilla    Caroliniana. — Eiciiard,  id    Mich.,   Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i. 

p.  158.     Persoon,  vol.  i.  p.  175. 
Itea  Cijrilla. — L'IIerit.,  Stirp.,  vol.  i.  p.  137,  tab.  QQ.     Swartz,  Prod., 

p.  50.     Sp.  pi.,  vol.  i.  p.  1146. 

Tnis  very  elegant  tree  begins  to  appear  in  the  low  humid 
woods  and  pine-barrens  of  South  Carolina,  in  swampy  places, 
where  it  attains  the  height  of  twelve  to  twenty  feet,  with  a 
diameter  of  eight  to  ten  inches,  and  is  sometimes  so  loaded  with 
its  numerous  racemes  of  white  flowers  that  we  can  scarcely 
perceive  the  leaves.  It  is,  in  fact,  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
trees  of  the  Southern  forests,  and  is  therefore  often  preserved 
in  the  vicinity  of  habitations  as  an  ornament.  It  continues 
to  be  met  with  throughout  Georgia  and  the  Floridas,  reappears 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  was  discovered  by  Vellozo  in  Brazil. 
According  to  Michaux  the  elder,  there  is  also  a  second  species, 
{^Cyrilla  Antillana,)  with  laurel-like  leaves,  in  the  Antilles. 

From  the  name  of  Iron- Wood  sometimes  given  to  it  by  the 
English,  it  would  appear  that  the  wood  is  hard  and  close- 
grained;  but  no  experiments  have  yet  been  made  upon  it.  In 
Bartram's  Botanic  Garden,  Philadelphia,  it  is  perfectly  hardy: 
there  is  now  growing  there  a  tree  near  upon  twenty  feet  high, 
and  two  feet  two  inches  in  circumference.  The  bark  on  the  old 
trunks  is  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  in  layers  of  about  a  line  in 

thickness,  of  a   soft,  elastic,   fibrous,   and   friable   consistence, 

43 


44  CAROLINA    CYRILLA. 

almost  like  Agaric,  and  may  be  used  like  that  substance  as  a 

styptic. 

The  tree  presents  a  widely-spreading  bright  green  summit, 
and  the  branches  come  out  in  a  circular  order,  presenting  nume- 
rous slender  twigs.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  rather  narrow, 
and  lanceolate,  very  entire,  sometimes  oblanceolate,  nearly  peren- 
nial. The  flowers  are  small  but  very  numerous,  disposed  in 
slender  pendulous  racemes,  producing  a  very  graceful  effect,  and 
these  racemes  are  clustered  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches 
of  the  former  season.  The  petals  are  three  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx,  inserted  without  claws  at  the  base  of  the  germ,  and  have 
each  an  oblong,  convex  elevation  or  thickening  of  the  petal  on 
the  lower  part.  The  filaments  alternate  with  the  petals,  and 
are  somewhat  shorter.  The  anthers  are  incumbent,  cordate, 
2-celled,  bifid  at  the  base.  Style  short,  the  stigmas  two  and 
obtuse.  The  pericarp,  of  an  oval  form,  never  opens,  is  2-celled, 
the  sides  filled  with  a  dry,  spongy,  granular  pulp,  and  with  a 
single  ovate  seed  in  each  cell. 

PLATE  LXXIV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.   The  flower  enlarged. 


MAHOGANY. 

(Maiiagon,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  Cedrele^.    (R.  Brown.)    Linncean  Classification, 
Decandria,  Monogtnia. 

SWIETENIA.*    (Linn.) 

Calyx  minute,  4  to  5-lobed,  deciduous.  Petals  four  or  five.  Stamina 
eight  to  ten,  united  into  a  subcampanulate  ten-toothed  tube,  inter- 
nally antberiferous.  Style  short ;  stigma  discoid,  dentate.  Capsule 
ovoid,  large  and  woody,  5-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  from  the 
base  upward,  with  five  marginal  valves ;  the  axis  large,  persistent, 
pentangular  above,  5-winged  below,  with  the  partitions  of  the 
valves.  Seeds  alated,  pendulous,  about  twelve  in  each  cell,  imbri- 
cated in  a  double  series.  Embryo  transverse.  Cotyledons  confluent 
in  and  confounded  with  the  fleshy  albumen. 

Trees  of  warm  or  tropical  climates,  chiefly  India  and  America, 
with  hard  dark-reddish  wood.  The  leaves  abruptly  pinnated,  mostly 
with  unequal-sided  leaflets.  Flowers  in  axillary  or  somewhat  ter- 
minal loose  panicles. 

*  Named  by  Jacquin,  in  honor  of  Gerard  L.  B.  Von  Swictcn,  archiater  to 
Maria  Theresa,  Empress  of  Germany,  who,  at  his  persuasion,  founded  the  Botanic 
Garden  at  Vienna. 


45 


MAHOGANY   TREE. 

SwiETEXiA  MAiiOGONi.  Foliis  suhqvadrijugis,  folioUs  ovato-lanceolatis 
fi/catis  acmninatis  hasi  incequdibus,  racemis  axUlarihus  imniculatis.— 
LiNX.,  Hp.  pi.  Decaxd.,  Prod.,  vol.  i.  p.  G25.  Cavax.,  Dissert., 
vol.  vii.  p.  305,  t.  209.  Jacq.,  Amer.,  (ed.  picta,)  p.  127.  Catesby, 
Carol.,  vol.  ii.  t.  81.  Adk.  Jussieu,  Mem.  Mus.,  vol.  xix.  p.  249, 
t.  11.  Lamarck,  Encyc,  vol.  iii.  p.  678.  Hook.,  Bot.  Miscel., 
vol.  i.  p.  21,  t.  16.     Torrey  and  Gray,  Flor.,  vol.  i.  p.  242. 

Qi^mn^Lk  folds  phmatls,  fiorlhus  sparsis,  lir/no  (jmviori.—BiiovfN-E,  Jam., 
p.  158. 

Ceurus  maliogoni. — Miller,  Diet.,  I^o.  2. 

TriE  late  Dr.  Muhlenberg  was  the  first  to  announce  the 
existence  of  the  Mahogany  Tree  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States,  and  he  gives  it  in  his  catalogue  as  a  native  of 
Florida.  Torrey  and  Gray  add,  in  their  Flora,  "  We  have  seen, 
in  the  herbarium  of  the  late  Mr.  Groom,  a  capsule  from  a  col- 
lection made  in  Southern  Florida  by  the  late  Dr.  Leitner,  who 
considered  the  tree  to  wdiicli  it  belonged  to  be  the  true  Ma- 
hogany :"  vol.  i.  p.  242.  In  one  of  those  botanical  excursions 
to  explore  the  wilds  of  Florida,  in  which  he  had  previously- 
been  so  eminently  successful,  the  indefatigable  Leitner  fell  a 
victim  to  the  savage  hostility  which  has  so  long  been  protracted 
over  that  devoted  soil.  He  ascended  a  creek  into  the  interior, 
and  was  seen  no  more ! 

"  Facilis  descensus  Avcnro  : 

ScJ  rovocavo  ^raduni,  superasque  cvadere  auras, 

Jldc  dims,  liic  labor  est," 

^NEID,  lib.  vi. 

The  Mahogany  Tree  is  said  to  be  of  rapid  growth,  becoming 
a  lolty  tree,  with  a  graceful,  spreading  summit,  the  stem  attain- 
ing very  large  dimensions,  acquiring  a  diameter  of  five  or  six 

feet.     It  grows  in  the  warmest  parts  of  America,  as  in  Cuba, 
40 


V\.  IiXXV 


Swu'l  enta   Ma.liii  ijonr  . 


■ui/itiac 


!^l 


M  A  11  0  G  A  N  Y     T  R  E  E.  47 

Jamaica,  St.  Domingo,  Acapulco  on  the  Pacific,  Rcalijo  in  Cua- 
temala,  and  the  Bahama  Ishands,  and  generally  affects  a  rocky 
soil  or  the  sides  of  mountains,  growing  often  in  places  almost 
absolutely  deprived  of  earth.  The  seeds  germinate  in  the 
clefts  of  rocks,  and  when  the  roots  meet  any  insurmountable 
impediment  they  spread  out  and  creep  till  they  find  entrance 
into  other  clefts  into  which  tliej^  can  penetrate ;  and  sometimes 
it  happens  that  the  increasing  dimensions  of  the  roots  succeed 
so  far  as  to  split  the  rocks  themselves.  Such  trees  in  the  Ba- 
hama Islands,  growing  so  contorted  for  w^ant  of  soil,  produce 
the  much-esteemed  and  curiously-veined  wood  known  in  Eu- 
rope as  "  Madeira  wood."  In  Jamaica,  it  is  also  a  common 
tree  on  the  plains  or  lower  hill-sides;  and  Dr.  Macfadyen  re- 
marks, in  that  island  he  had  never  met  with  it  at  an  elevation 
above  three  thousand  feet,  nor  very  close  to  the  sea-shore.  In 
some  of  the  islands  it  is  now  rare  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
sea,  because  of  its  convenience  for  embarkation ;  and  it  is  cut 
down  of  all  ages,  without  any  thought  for  the  future. 

Dr.  Macfiidyen,  speaking  of  the  Mahogany  of  Jamaica,  says, 
"  It  is  at  present  much  more  scarce  than  it  appears  to  have 
formerly  been.  It  was  from  this  island  that  the  supply  for 
Europe  was  in  former  times  principally  obtained,  and  the  old 
Jamaica  Mahogany  is  still  considered  superior  to  any  that  can 
now  be  procured  from  other  countries.  In  17-53,  according  to 
Dr.  Browne,  521,300  feet  in  planks  were  shipped  from  this 
island,  but  at  present  very  little  is  exported  from  it.  It  was 
formerly  so  plentiful  as  to  be  applied  to  the  commonest  pur- 
poses,— such  as  planks,  boards,  shingles,  &c."  "  The  beauty  of 
the  Mahogany  wood  is  said  to  have  been  first  discovered  by  a 
carpenter  on  board  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  vessel,  at  the  time 
the  ship  was  in  harbor  at  Trinidad,  in  1505."  The  first  use  to 
which  it  was  applied  in  England  was  the  humjjie  one  of  form- 
ing a  candle-box ;  and,  about  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury, it  was  brought  into  notice  by  Dr.  Gibbons,  a  London  phy- 


48  MAHOGANY     TREE. 

sician,  who  had  received  planks  of  it  from  his  brother,  com- 
manding a  vessel  in  the  West  India  trade ;  since  which  time 
it  has  been  employed  for  costly  furniture,  and  occupies  the 
most  distinguished  place  in  the  drawing-rooms  of  nobility  and 
fashion,  quite  supplanting  the  old  oaken  tables  and  domestic 
panelling  of  antiquity. 

The  most  beautiful  wood,  for  variety  of  figure  and  agreeable 
accident,  is  obtained  from  sections  of  the  base  of  the  stem  and 
root.  No  other  wood  can  rival  it  for  diversity  of  shades,  pre- 
senting spots,  waves,  and  clouds  more  varied  even  than  the 
tortoise-shell,  which  it  so  much  resembles.  Its  superior  density 
also  allows  it  to  acquire  the  highest  polish  of  which  any  wood 
is  susceptible. 

The  principal  supply  of  Mahogany  is  now  obtained  from 
Honduras;  but  it  is  of  a  very  inferior  quality,  being  open- 
grained,  light  and  porous,  and  of  a  paler  and  inferior  color. 
Trees,  it  seems,  grown  in  low  or  alluvial  lands  never  give  a 
rich  and  hard  wood.  Hence  the  Mahogany  of  St.  Domingo 
and  that  of  the  Bahama  Islands  are  considered  superior  to  wliat 
is  at  present  exported  from  Jamaica.  It  was  formerly  em- 
ployed by  the  Sjpaniards  of  Havana  in  ship-building;  and  it  is 
said  to  be  unattacked  by  worms,  to  endure  long  in  water,  and 
to  receive  the  bullet  without  splitting.  Mr.  Crout,  cabinet- 
maker, Philadelphia,  so  curious  in  our  native  woods,  has 
favored  me  with  a  specimen  of  Mahogany  from  East  Florida, 
remarkable  for  its  waving  spots,  which  almost  exactly  resemble 
those  of  the  Bird's-eye  Maple. 

The  bark  of  the  Mahogany  is  astringent,  and  considered  use- 
ful in  diarrhoea;  indeed,  it  resembles  that  of  the  Cinchona  in 
color  and  taste,  though  somewhat  more  bitter.  It  has  been 
given  with  success  in  powder,  as  a  substitute  for  Peruvian 
Baik.=== 

*  Maofaclycii,  Flora  Jiinuiic,  p.  177. 


MAHOGANY     T  R  E  E.  49 

Tho  leaves  of  the  Mahogany  have  a  very  light,  airy,  and 
graceful  appearance,  feathered  or  pinnate,  in  three  to  five 
jiairs  of  leaflets,  ending  abruptly  without  any  terminal  one. 
They  are  remarkable  for  their  obliquity  or  the  inequality  of 
their  sides,  the  lower  portion  of  the  leaf  from  the  midrib  not 
being  more  than  half  as  wide  as  the  upper;  they  are  quite 
entire,  smooth,  shining,  and  coriaceous  like  the  Laurel,  being 
probably  of  long  duration,  and  giving  the  tree  the  character  of 
an  evergreen;  their  form  is  between  ovate  and  lanceolate,  Avith 
a  very  slender  and  sharply-acuminated  point;  the  general  footr 
stalk  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  The  flowers  are  small 
and  greenish  yellow,  disposed  in  loose,  axillary,  long  peduncu- 
lated panicles,  three  to  four  inches  long  and  pendent.  The 
flowers  and  their  mode  of  growth  are  a  good  deal  like  those 
of  the  Melia,  or  Pride  of  India ;  but  they  are  smaller.  The 
calyx  is  minute,  with  five  very  shallow  lobes.  Petals  oblong- 
ovate.  Tube  of  the  stamens  cylindric-campanulate,  ten-toothed, 
internally  a  little  below  the  summit,  bearing  the  anthers,  which 
are  small,  yellow,  and  alternating  with  the  teeth  of  the  tube. 
A  short  denticulate  disk  encircles  the  base  of  the  ovary.  Ov^ary 
ovate,  green ;  style  cylindrical ;  the  stigma  peltate,  with  five 
denticulations.  Capsule  egg-shaped,  the  size  of  an  orange, 
rufous-brown,  minutely  tuberculated,  five-celled,  opening  with 
five  valves  from  the  base,  covered  w^ithin  wdth  a  distinct  coria- 
ceous plate.  Receptacle  central,  large,  pentagonal,  with  the 
angles  prominent,  opj)osite,  and  meeting  up  with  the  edges  of 
the  valves,  so  as  to  form  the  septa  of  the  cells;  seeds  at  the 
apex  of  the  receptacle,  fifteen  in  each  cell,  compressed,  trun- 
cated at  base,  expanded  at  the  summit  into  a  membranaceous, 
oblonsr  win 2:. 

To  show  the  present  extensive  use  of  Mahogany  in  England, 
it  may  be  sufficient  to  mention  that  in  1829  the  importation 
amounted  to  19,335  tons. 

In  Cuba  and  Honduras,  it  becomes  one  of  the  most  majestic 

Vol.  v.— 4 


50  MAHOGANY     TREE. 

of  trees,  growing  and  increasing  for  some  centuries.  Its  gigan- 
tic trunk  tiirows  out  such  massive  arms,  and  spreads  the  shade 
of  its  shining  green  leaves  over  such  a  vast  surface,  that  all 
other  trees  apjoear  insignificant  in  the  comparison.  A  single 
log  not  unfrequently  weighs  six  or  seven  tons,  and  a  tree  has 
been  known  to  contain  as  much  as  12,000  superficial  feet,  and 
to  have  produced  upward  of  1000?.  sterhng.  The  largest  log 
ever  cut  in  Honduras  was  seventeen  feet  long,  fifty-seven  inches 
broad,  and  five  feet  four  inches  in  depth;  measuring  51G8  super- 
ficial feet,  or  fifteen  tons'  weight. 

The  Mahogany  of  Honduras*  is  cut  about  the  month  of  Au- 
gust, by  gangs  of  men  of  from  twenty  to  fifty  each.  The  woods 
are  penetrated  and  surveyed  from  the  summit  of  some  lofty 
tree,  and  the  leaves  at  this  season,  having  acquired  a  yellow- 
reddish  hue,  are  discerned  by  an  accustomed  eye  at  a  great 
distance.  The  trees  are  commonly  cut  ten  or  twelve  feet  from 
the  ground,  a  stage  being  erected  for  the  purpose.  The  trunk, 
from  the  dimensions  of  the  wood  it  furnishes,  is  deemed  the 
most  valuable;  but  for  ornamental  purposes  the  limbs  or 
branches  are  generally  preferred. 

A  sufficient  number  of  trees  being  felled  to  occupy  the  gang 
during  the  season,  they  commence  cutting  the  roads  upon  which 
they  are  to  be  transported.  This  may  fairly  be  estimated  at 
two-thirds  of  the  labor  and  expense  of  mahogany-cutting. 
Each  mahogany-work  forms  in  itself  a  small  village  on  the 
bank  of  a  river, — the  choice  of  situation  fjeing  always  regulated 
by  the  proximity  of  such  river  to  the  Mahogany  intended  as  the 
object  of  future  operation. 

These  roads  are  cleared  out  by  the  cutlass  and  the  axe,  in 
the  same  manner  that  the  first  roads  in  our  back-forests  are  made; 
bridges  have  also  to  be  constructed.     The  trunks  of  the  trees 


*  Supposed  by  Mr.  11.  ]Jrowne  to  be  a  peculiar  species,  ou  tlie  autliority  of 
iJruwuc's  ''  History  of  Juuiaica." 


M  A  II  0  G  A  N  Y     T  R  E  E.  51 

are  then  cut  into  square  logs.  April  and  May,  being  the  dryest 
season  in  this  climate,  are  chosen  as  the  only  time  when  the  logs 
can  be  drawn  to  their  destination  from  the  interior  of  the  forest. 
Each  truck  requires  seven  pair  of  oxen  and  two  drivers,  and 
twelve  to  lead  or  put  the  logs  on  the  carriages.  From  the  in- 
tense heat  of  the  sun,  the  cattle  especially  would  be  unable  to 
work  during  its  influence,  and  consequently  the  loading  and 
carriage  of  the  timber  is  performed  in  the  night.  On  the  rise 
of  the  rivers  at  the  close  of  May,  the  logs  are  floated  down  to 
their  destination,  and  finally  shipped  from  Balize  in  Honduras 
to  Europe. 

PLATE   LXXV. 

A  branch  in  jioiDcr  of  the  natural  size.     a.  Tlic  capsule,    b.  The  seed. 


ORANGE  THEE. 

(L'Oranger,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  Aurantiace^.  (Correa.)     Linnccan  Classificatlunj 

POLYANDEIA,  MONOGYKIA. 


^y 


CITRUS.*     (Linn.) 

Colyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Petals  five  or  more,  oblong,  spreading. 
tStamcns,  filaments  about  twenty  to  sixty,  forming  a  cylinder  and 
disposed  in  several  sets.  Germ  superior,  style  cylindrical  with  a 
capitate  stigma.  Berry  many-celled,  enclosed  by  a  fleshy  glandular 
rind,  the  cells  nine  to  eighteen,  separated  from  each  other  by  mem- 
branous envelopes ;  pulp  watery,  contained  in  numerous  utricular 
vesicles.  Seeds  oblong,  attached  to  the  inner  angle  of  the  cell; 
albumen  none.  Embryo  straight,  the  seed-leaves  or  cotyledons 
large  and  thick,  often  more  than  two. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  tropical  or  mild  climates,  chiefly  indigenous  to 
Eastern  Asia,  India,  and  China,  with  a  single  species  in  Guiana,  (Tro- 
jiical  America.)  Leaves  alteruate,  solitar}-,  articulated  to  the  summit 
of  a  petiole  which  is  usually  margined  or  alated:  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  in  the  uncultivated  state,  usually  produce  simple  spines. 

*  Derived  from  xiTfiia,  the  Lemon,  and  xc-fnov,  the  dtron,  which  among  the 
r, reeks  and  Komans  inehidcd  also  the  Cedar  or  some  similar  tree,  which  they 
probably  associated  from  the  fragrance  of  its  wood. 


52 


IMl.KXM. 


*'Hrii8  YiiJoaris. 


WILD    ORANGE    TREE. 

Citrus  vulgaris,  (Risso.)  Pdlolis  alads,  folds  cllipticis  acutis  crcnulatis, 
Jioribus  icosandris,  fruduian  globosorum  coriice  ienui  scabroso,  j)^dpa 
acri  amara. — Decand.,  Prod.  i.  p.  539.  Risso,  Aniuil.  Mus.,  vol.  xx. 
p.  190. 

Citrus  Aurantium  Indicum. — Gall.,  citr.,  p.  122. 

Citrus  Bigarradia. — Xouv.  Duiiamel,  vol.  vii.  p.  99. 

Bigarade  of  the  French,  or  Bitter  Orange. 

Citrus  spinosissima  ? — Meyer,  Essequib.,  p.  247. 

Aurantmm  vidgare,  acre;  iJriimim. — Farrarius,  Hesper.,  p.  374. 

Aurantium  sgh'cstre,  medulla  acri. — Tourxefort's  Institutes,  p.  G20. 

Malus  Aurantia  sykesiris. — J.  Bauiiix,  Hist.,  vol.  i.  p.  99. 

From  the  relation  of  William  Bartram,  in  his  "  Travels  up  the 
St.  John's  in  East  Florida,  in  the  year  1774,"  it  is  evident  that 
the  Orange  Tree  is  abundantly  indigenous  to  the  banks  of  that 
stream.  Groves  of  Orange  Trees,  of  large  dimensions,  loaded 
with  their  golden  fruit,  spread  themselves  before  the  traveller  in 
the  greatest  profusion,  and  he  might  readily  imagine  himself 
transported  in  reality  to  the  gardens  of  the  Hesperides.  As  the 
Orange  was  there  found  an  established  denizen  of  the  country, 
previous  to  all  European  settlement,  we  must  of  course  conclude 
it  to  be,  like  the  Banana  and  some  other  tropical  productions,  a 
native  alike  of  both  the  Old  and  the  New  Continent.  These 
forests  of  the  Wild  Orange  Trees  are  frequent  in  East  Florida 
as  far  north  as  the  latitude  of  28°.  According  to  the  observa- 
tions of  the  late  Mr.  Croom,  "they  are  rarely  found  north  of 
latitude  29°  30',  although  there  is  a  small  grove  near  the  Alli- 
gator Pond,  which  is  somewhat  north  of  latitude  30°."  The  fruit 
(according  to  Torrey  and  Gray)  is  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Bitter-Sweet  Orange. 

To  show  the  extent  of  these  groves,  in  a  notice  of  the  town 

of  New  Smyrna,  Bartram  observes,  "  I  was  there  about  ten  years 

53 


54  WILD     ORANGE     TREE. 

ago,  (1764,)  when  the  siirveyer  ran  the  lines  of  the  colony, 
where  there  was  neither  habitation  nor  cleared  field.  It  w\as 
then  a  famous  Orange  grove,  the  upper  or  south  promontory  of 
a  ridge  nearly  half  a  mile  wide,  and  stretching  north  about  forty 
miles,"  &c.  All  this  was  one  entire  Orange  grove,  with  Live  Oaks, 
Magnolias,  Palms,  Red  Bays,  and  others.  (Bartram's  Travels, 
in  a  note  to  page  144.)  On  page  253, he  also  remarks,  "I  have 
often  been  affected  with  extreme  regret  at  beholding  the 
destruction  and  devastation  which  has  been  committed  or  indis- 
creetly exercised  on  those  extensive,  fruitful  Orange  groves,  on 
the  banks  of  St.  Juan,  by  the  new  planters  under  the  British 
government,  some  hundred  acres  of  which,  at  a  single  planta- 
tion, have  been  entirely  destroyed,  to  make  room  for  the  Indigo, 
Cotton,  Corn,"  &c. 

In  the  forests  of  Essequibo  there  appears  to  be  a  variety  of 
this  species  of  Orange,  equally  indigenous  with  the  present;  it  is 
also  wild  about  Vera  Cruz,  and  near  Mexico  and  Panuco,-'=  and  is 
indigenous  in  Porto  Rico,  Barbadoes,  and  the  Bermudas,  as  well 
as  in  Brazil,  and  St.  Jago  of  the  Cape  Verde  Islands.  Hughes 
also  speaks  of  it  in  his  time  as  being  natural  in  the  woods  at 
Orange  Bay  in  Jamaica,  l^oth  the  sweet  and  sour  kinds,  in  great 
plenty.  The  specimens  which  I  have  seen  brought  from  East 
Florida,  hy  Mr.  James  Reed,  are  evidently  referable  to  the  present 
species,  the  Orange  of  India,  though  we  have  not  had  the  satis- 
faction of  seeing  any  specimen  of  the  fruit;  but,  according  to 
Bartram,  the  taste  is  sufficiently  grateful,  as  he  made  use  of  it 
to  season  and  add  a  relish  to  his  animal  food. 

India  is  the  native  country  of  the  Orange  now  so  generally 
naliu-ali'/cd  in  the  South  of  Europe,  particularly  along  the  coast 
of  the  Mediterranean.  About  Nice  all  the  known  species  and 
varieties  of  this  grateful  fruit  are  cultivated  in  perfection.  The 
Orange  has  also  been  supposed  to  be  a  native  of  the  Hesf)erides 


I'lilLLii's,  in  TIalduyt's  Voyages,  1.  c. 


WILD     ORANGE     TREE.  55 

or  Canary  Islands,  and  its  fruit  to  be  the  golden  apples  which 
the  daughters  of  Hesperus  caused  to  be  so  strictly  guarded  by  a 
watchful  dragon.  Under  this  idea,  Ventenat  changed  the  name 
of  the  natural  order  to  which  it  belongs  from  Aurantia3  to  Iles- 
perida?,  an  innovation  more  poetic  than  philosophical,  and  which 
has  not  been  adopted. 

The  Lemon  appears  to  liave  been  the  first  of  the  genus  which 
was  introduced  into  Europe.  Theophrastus,  and  after  him  Pliny, 
speak  of  a  fruit  known  under  the  name  of  the  Apple  of  Pcvf^la 
or  of  Media.  Virgil,  in  his  Georgics,  extols  the  haj)py  effects  sup- 
posed to  be  produced  by  the  use  of  the  Apple  of  Media: — 

"Auimos  ct  olentia  Mcdi 
Ora  fovent  illo,  et  seuibus  medicautur  auhelis." 

Georg.,  lib.  ii. 

The  Phocians  are  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  wdio  planted 
this  tree  on  the  coast  of  the  Mediterranean  wdien  they  founded 
the  city  of  Marseilles.  In  the  eleventh  century  the  Seville 
Orange  was  already  spread  through  all  the  islands  of  the  Medi- 
terranean, and  in  the  thirteenth  century  it  was  established  about 
Nice.  The  species  of  Orange  of  which  we  are  now  treating,  (the 
Bigaradier  of  the  French,)  appears  to  have  been  introduced  from 
India  into  Europe  by  the  Arabs,  who  cultivate  it  in  all  the  coun- 
tries subjected  to  their  dominion.  The  Citron  passed  from  Egypt 
into  Europe  in  the  time  of  the  Crusades.  According  to  the  testi- 
mony of  one  of  the  Arabian  writers,  it  was  from  Phenicia  that 
the  golden  Orange  was  conveyed  to  the  gardens  of  Seville.  No 
traveller  has  in  a  positive  manner  estabhshed  the  native  country 
of  the  true  Orange;  and  it  is  nearly  alike  whether  we  should 
attribute  it  to  Japan  or  the  islands  of  the  Pacific,  more  par- 
ticularly the  PhiHppines. 

The  duration  of  the  Orange  Tree,  in  the  countries  where  it  is 
indigenous,  is  no  doubt  very  great.  Many  of  those  cultivated  i]i 
the  Maritime  Alps  of  France  are  more  than  250  }ears  of  age; 


r;G  AVILD     ORANGE     TREE. 

and,  according  to  Risso,  a  wind  from  the  S.S.E.  in  February, 
1807,  overturned  in  the  commune  of  Esa  Citron  Trees  which  were 
more  than  500  years  old.  Tamara  and  Ferrarius  both  describe 
an  Orange  Tree,  pLanted  in  the  year  1200  by  Saint  Dominic,  in 
the  garden  of  the  convent  of  Saint  Sabine  in  Rome,  which  is 
said  still  to  exist. 

The  Orange  is  considered  the  most  beautiful  tree  of  Europe; 
the  majesty  and  regularity  of  its  form,  tlie  brilliant  and  unfading 
green  of  its  graceful  foliage,  its  white  and  fragrant  flowers  and 
splendid  fruit,  strike  the  beholder  with  admiration.  Its  beauty 
is  not  transient  like  that  of  ordinary  orchard  trees,  but  nearly 
throughout  the  year  it  is  luxuriantly  adorned  with  flowers  and 
fruit.  The  cultivated  Orange  attains  the  height  of  twenty-five 
to  thirty  feet,  with  a  circumference  of  two  or  three  feet.  The 
wild  Orange  of  Florida,  however,  acquires  a  greater  height  than 
those  which  I  have  observed  in  cultivation  in  the  Azores.  The 
wood  is  compact,  close,  and  fine-grained,  very  hard,  and  suscepti- 
Ijle  of  a  fine  polish,  slightly  veined,  and  suitable  for  inlaid  work. 
The  wood  of  the  Wild  or  Bitter  Orange  is  preferred  by  chemists 
because  of  its  superior  density.  The  leaves  have  also  a  more 
l)()\verful  odor:  distilled  they  give  a  bitter  aromatic  water,  known 
in  Languedoc  by  the  name  of  VEau  de  Naples.  By  the  same 
operation  is  also  oljtained  an  essential  oil  of  a  better  c|uality  than 
that  from  the  leaves  of  the  true  Orange.  The  Orange-Floicer 
Water,  a  well-known  perfume,  is  obtained  also  from  this  species. 
Tt  is  praised  for  its  cordial  virtues,  and  as  a  cephalic,  vermifuge, 
and  antispasmodic.  The  fruit  is  made  great  use  of  for  seasoning 
lish  and  meats,  and  to  give  a  relish  to  various  sauces.  A  wine  is 
also  made  from  the  juice  of  the  sweet  orange,  mixed  with  the 
extract  of  the  peel  fermented,  which  keeps  a  long  time,  and 
when  old  acipiires  the  taste  of  the  Malvoisie  of  Madeira. 

The  smell  of  the  Orange  flower  is  almost  universally  esteemed: 
it  is  saliilarv  and  rcfivshing,  and  is  unrivalled  for  its  excellent 
pcrlimie.     The  juice  of  the  fruit  is  equally  grateful:  it  allays 


WILD     ORANGE     TREE.  57 

heat  and  thirst,  and,  by  promoting  various  excretions,  proves  of 
considerable  use  in  febrile  and  inflammatory  diseases.  The  outer 
yellow  rind  of  the  Seville  orange  is  a  grateful  aromatic  bitter, 
tending  to  improve  the  appetite,  and  it  is  employed  in  making 
the  well-known  conserve,  marmalade. 

In  the  Azores,  the  cultivation  of  the  Orange  as  an  article  of 
commerce,  is  of  great  importance  to  the  inhabitants,  and  every 
means  are  employed  for  its  success.  The  trees  in  Fayal  are 
defended  from  the  severe  sea-breezes  by  very  high  stone  walls, 
and  plantations  of  young  trees  are  defended  for  several  years  ])y 
rows  of  the  Faya  [Mijrlca  Faya)  planted  between  them,  and, 
though  the  trees  there  rarely  attain  a  greater  height  than  twenty 
or  twenty-five  feet,  they  spread  out  many  large  branches;  and 
sometimes  a  single  tree  has  produced  as  many  as  6000  Oranges. 
The  best  kind  brought  to  the  European  markets  are  those  from 
the  island  of  St.  Michael.  They  have  an  even  shining  rind  with 
a  deliciously-sweet  and  agreeable  pulp. 

As  I  have  already  remarked,  a  specimen  of  the  Wild  Orange 
from  Florida  is  in  no  way  distinguishal^le  from  the  Citrus  vul- 
garis of  Asia:  it  has  the  same  elliptic  leaves,  with  alated  pedun- 
cles, small  axillary  spines,  and  axillary  and  terminal  white 
flowers  on  short  peduncles,  with  twenty  stamens. 

PLATE  LXXVI. 

A  branch  of  (he  natural  size,  iviih  the  fruit. 


v.— 4* 


BALSAM     TREE. 


NafumI     Order,    Guttifer^,     (Juss.)       Linnwan    Classification, 

POLYANDRIA,  MONOGYNIA. 

CLUSIA.*     (Linn.) 

Calyx  of  four  to  eight  sepals  imbricated  and  colored.  Corolla  of  four 
to  eight  petals.  Staynens  numerous.  Style  none.  Stigma  radiately 
peltate.  Flowers  commonly  polygamous,  with  the  fertile  ovary 
surrounded  by  a  short  thick  nectary.  Ca.josule  fleshy,  coriaceous,  5 
to  12-valved,  opening  at  the  apex ;  placentfe  triangular,  united  into 
a  central  column,  each  one  attached  to  the  introflected  valvules. 
Seeds  terete ;  cotyledons  separable. 

]*arasitical  trees  of  Tropical  America,  with  opposite  coriaceous  entire 
leaves  without  stipules. 


YELLOW-FLOWERED   BALSAM  TREE. 

Clusia  flava.  Floribiis  jiolygamis,  calyce  polyj^hyllo,  corolla  tetrapctala 
fiava,  siaminibus  numerosis  hrevibus,  stigmatlbus  circitcr  12,  foliis  oboratis 
obtusis  aUquando  emarginaiis,  brevitcr pctiolatis  striatis. — Decand.,  Prod., 
vol.  i.  p.  559. 

Clusia  flava.  Foliis  avcniis,  corollis  tetrapctalis. — Linn.,  Syst.  Veg., 
vol.  iv.  p.  328.     Jacq.,  Stirp.  Amer.,  p.  272,  t.  167. 

Clusia  arborca.  Foliis  crassis,  intidis,  obovato-subrotundis ;  Jioribus  soli- 
tariis. — BiiowNE,  Jam.,  p.  236. 

*  NaiiR'd  in  houor  of  Charles  dc  I'Eclusc,  a  celebrated  botanist  of  the  sixteenth 
century. 


PI.  lA'XVU. 


CiLLKia  Hava. 


V 


YELLOW-FLOWERED  BALSAM  TREE.   59 

Terebinthus  folio  singulari,  non  alato,  rotundo  succulcnto ;  jlorc  ((irajnialo, 
pallide  luieo,  fruciii  ijiajorc,  monopyrcno. — Sloane,  Jam.,  p.  167 ;  Hist., 
vol.  i.  p.  91,  t.  200,  f.  1. 

This  singular  and  splendid  tree  is  a  native  of  Jamaica,  and 
Cayenne  in  South  America,  where  it  is  found  among  rocks  on 
the  declivities  of  mountains.  We  have  now  also  to  record  it  as 
a  native  of  Key  West  in  Florida,  where  it  has  recently  heen 
found,  with  so  many  other  tropical  productions,  by  Dr.  Blodgett. 
It  grows  to  the  height  of  about  twenty  feet  or  upward,  and,  like 
other  kindred  species  of  the  germs,  is  parasitic  on  the  trunk  or 
limbs  of  other  trees, — a  habit  supposed  to  be  occasioned  by  birds 
accidentally  scattering  the  viscid  seeds,  which  take  root  like 
those  of  the  Missletoe;  when,  having  obtained  a  considerable 
size,  the  roots  creep  along  the  surface  of  the  tree  in  quest  of 
nourishment  and  support,  penetrating  into  any  decayed  cavity 
of  the  supporting  trunk,  and  finally  reaching  the  ground  though 
at  forty  feet  distance,  where  now,  at  length  permanently  fixed, 
it  becomes  a  large  and  independent  tree.  A  viscid  or  resinous 
balsamic  whitish  juice  exudes  from  every  part  of  the  tree  when 
cut,  which  becomes  red  or  brownish  when  exposed  to  the  air, 
and  hardens  like  other  gums  or  colophony.  As  yet  this  sub- 
stance has  been  applied  to  no  useful  purpose  more  than  as  a 
dressing  to  the  sores  of  horses,  and  by  the  Indians  is  mixed  with 
tallow  to  pay  their  boats  to  prevent  leakage. 

The  leaves  of  this  plant,  as  well  as  those  of  C.  rosea  and  C. 
alba,  are  very  remarkable  in  their  form  and  appearance,  being 
very  smooth  and  of  a  thick  leathery  consistence,  wedge-shaped 
or  inversely  oval,  five  or  six  inches  long  by  about  four  wide, 
entire  or  slightly  repand  at  the  summit,  which  is  rounded;  they 
are  insensibly  narrowed  downward  to  a  thick  petiole  about  half 
an  inch  in  length,  and  marked  beneath  with  many  transverse 
ascending  veins  which  are  scarcely  perceptible  at  the  surface, 
all  inosculating  together  near  the  border.  The  flowers  are 
shortly  pedunculate,  axillary  and  terminal,  solitary,  or  by  threes 


GO   YELLOW-FLOWERED  BALSAM  TREE. 

on  the  same  peduncle.  The  calyx  is  almost  quadrangular,  com- 
posed of  sixteen  sepals,  disposed  in  four  ranks;  they  are  some- 
what rounded  and  concave,  the  inner  series  gradually  becoming 
larger.  The  corolla  is  pale  yellow,  of  four  oval  petals  some- 
wliat  unguiculated,  very  thick,  two  of  them  larger  than  the 
others.  Stamens  very  numerous,  on  short  thick  filaments, 
nearly  in  four  rows  round  the  germ,  with  the  anthers  distinctly 
two-lobed.  The  germ  is  very  small,  with  a  thick,  twelve-rayed, 
almost  capitate,  stigma,  with  four  lateral  appendages.  The 
capsule  with  twelve  cells  and  twelve  thick  valves  containing 
immerous  oblong  seeds,  enveloped  in  a  soft  pulp  and  attached 
to  a  large  oblong  twelve-furrowed  placenta  or  receptacle.  The 
fruit  is  about  the  size  of  a  fig,  with  something  of  its  form;  and 
hence  it  is  known  to  the  negroes  by  the  name  of  the  Wild  Fig. 
(Macfadyen.) 

PLATE  LXXVIL 

A  small  branch  loith  the  leaves  reduced  to  about  one-half  their  natural  size. 


PI.  LXXiTE. 


Anrvris  tloridan. 

Honda  Torch  Wood.  IU,h,uf,u'r  dcs  Florid t's. 


T  0  H  C  II  -W  0  O  D. 

(Balsamier,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  AMYRiDACEiE,  (R.  Brown.)     Linnwan  Classijica- 

tion,  OCTANDRIA,  MONOGYNIA. 

AMYRIS.*    (LiNx\.) 

Cah/x  4-toothed,  persistent.  Petals  four,  ol)long,  spreading,  imLri- 
cated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  eight,  shorter  than  the  petals.  Stigma 
sessile,  obtuse,  and  indistinct.  Dnqje  1-seeded,  with  a  chartaceous 
nut. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  Tropical  America,  with  opposite  compound 
leaves,  mostly  of  a  single  pair,  or  trifoliate  pinnate;  the  leaflets  as 
well  as  the  drupe  filled  with  pellucid  aromatic  glands.  Flowers 
white,  in  terminal,  trichotomous  panicles. 


FLORIDA  TORCH-WOOD. 

Amyris  Floridana.      Foliis  brevi-pctiolatis,  folioUs  1-jugis  cum  impari 

ovaiis  integerrimis  ohiusiusculis  suhacuminatis  nitidis,  ^:)a7ifc?<//s  tcrmi- 

nalibus  abbreviaiis,  drupa  subglobosa  basi  angustata. 
Amyris  Floridana. — i»[uTT.,  in  Sillim.  Journ.,  vol.  v.  p.  294.     Decand., 

Prod.,  ii.  p.  81.     Torrey  and  Gray,  Flora  of  North  Amer.,  i.  p. 

221. 

*  The  name  is  derived  from  fioppa,  Mi/rrli,  iu  allusion  to  the  gum  or  resin  af- 
forded by  different  species  of  the  genus. 

61 


G2  FLOllIDA     T  OK  C  II -WOOD. 

This  plant  forms  a  small  evergreen  tree,  about  fifteen  to 
twenty  feet  high,  and,  like  most  of  the  genus,  affects  the  bor- 
ders of  the  sea.  Major  Ware  first  found  this  species  in  some 
part  of  East  Florida,  no  doubt  near  the  coast;  and  fine  speci- 
mens have  been  collected  on  the  shores  of  Key  West,  by  Dr. 
Blodgett. 

The  general  appearance  of  this  elegant  tree,  and  its  lucid 
leaves,  almost  remind  one  of  the  myrtle;  the  leaves,  always 
growing  by  threes,  are  equally  filled  with  aromatic,  oily  reser- 
voirs, looking  like  pellucid  dots  when  viewing  the  leaf  as  held 
up  to  the  light.  They  are  opposite,  on  petioles  of  about  half 
an  inch  in  length;  the  petiole  of  the  central  leaflet  of  the  three 
is  also  about  the  same  extent;  the  leaflets  are  short,  about  one 
to  one  and  a  half  inches  long  by  an  inch  in  width,  perfectly 
entire,  of  a  broad-ovate  form,  shortly  acuminate,  with  the  point 
mostly  obtuse,  but  slightly  apiculated;  beneath  dull  and  paler, 
above  reticulately  veined  and  shining.  The  flowers  are  small 
and  yellowish  white,  in  terminal,  shortish,  oppositely-branched 
panicles.  The  calyx  is  minute,  and  four- toothed.  The  petals 
four,  oval-oblong,  concave,  spreading,  and  glandular  beneath. 
Stamens  eight,  shorter  than  the  petals,  with  long,  white,  oblong- 
linear  two-celled  anthers,  which  open  lengthways.  The  germ 
is  ovate,  with  a  small,  sessile,  concave  stigma.  The  berry  is 
black  and  glaucous,  with  a  bloom,  narrowed  below,  about  the 
size  of  a  grain  of  black  pepper,  and  covered  wdtli  an  agreeably- 
aromatic,  oily  pulp. 

This  species  is  considerably  allied  to  Amijr'is  marltlma,  which 
pi'oduces  a  white,  hard,  and  odoriferous  Avood;  but  in  that  plant 
the  leaves  are  really  obtuse,  almost  round,  not  acuminate, 
decidedly  crenate  on  the  margin,  and  of  a  much  thicker  con- 
sistence. 

The  wood  of  this  species  is  yellowish  wdiite,  close-grained, 
mid  capable  of  receiving  a  high  polish.  The  leaves  and  bark 
ol"  severul  of  tlie  West  India  species  of  this  genus  yield  a  fine 


FLORIDA     TORCH- WOOD.  63 

balsamic  juice,  wholly  resembling  that  of  tlie  Gilead  balsam. 
By  distillation,  the  wood  would  also  yield  a  very  grateful  per- 
fume. 

One  of  the  Oriental  species  formerly  included  in  this  genus 
has  been  long  familiar:  namely  the  A.  GUeadcnsls,  which  yields 
the  balsam  of  Mecca  or  of  Gilead,  the  most  fragrant  and  plea- 
sant of  balsams.  From  the  A.  Elemifera  of  Brazil  is  obtained 
rhe  gum  Elemi.  The  A.  Amhrosiaca  of  Guiana  (now  referred  to 
Idea  of  Aublet)  becomes  a  tree,  and  yields  a  very  odoriferous 
balsam  from  the  trunk  and  branches,  which  is  used  in  dysentery, 
and  burned  in  houses  and  churches  as  a  perfume.  It  also  pro- 
duces the  resin  of  Coumia. 

PLATE   LXXVIII. 

A  branch  of  the  ludural  size.     a.   Thejioimr.     h.   TJie  fruii. 


BURSERA. 

(Jacquin.     Gomart,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  BuRSERACEiE,  (Kunth.)      Linncean  Classification, 

POLTGAMIA,  DlCEClA. 

Flowers  Polygamous.  Male.  —  Cahjx  small,  3  to  5-parted,  with 
obtuse  lobes.  Petals  three  to  five,  spreading,  with  a  valvular  aestiva- 
tion. Stamina  six  to  ten  ;  annular  disk,  with  six  to  eight  crenula- 
tious.  Fertile  Flowers,  with  the  calyx  3-parted.  Petals  three. 
Stamens  six.  Ovary  ovate,  3-celled.  Style  short,  with  a  capitate, 
obtuse,  3-lobed  stigma.  Drupe  oblong,  with  three  nuts ;  the  bark 
succLlent  and  trivalvular ;  two  of  the  nuts  abortive ;  the  fertile 
one  fleshy,  bearing  two  ovules,  and  perfecting  only  one  seed.  Seed 
pendulous,  without  albumen ;  cotyledons  foliaceous,  with  wrinkled 
folds,  the  radicle  straight  and  superior. 

Tropical  American  balsam-bearing  trees,  with  unequally-pinnated 
and  sometimes  simple  articulated  leaves,  with  small  flowers  in  axil- 
lary racemose  panicles. 

Named  after  Joachim  Burser,  Professor  of  Botany  at  Sara,  in 
Naples. 


WEST   INDIAN   BIRCH  TREE. 

Bursera  oummifera.  Folds  deciduis  sapius  impari-pinnatis,  foUolis 
oralis  aciitis  nu'infjranaceis,  racemis  axillarlbus. — Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  ii. 
p.  7S.    Jacquin,  Am.,  p.  94,  t.  65.     Swartz,  Obs.,  p.  130. 

Tkrkiuntiius  major  hetula:  cortke,  fructu  trianyulari. — Sloane,  Jam., 
t.  V,)[). 


I'l  LXXIX 


JlcH  J/td/afcJirri/i  //•,'<- 


Jiiii'Hfrii  (riutiuiil\M*a 


(it'/iitiri  (/.  /iiwriaite 


WEST     INDIAN    BIRCH     TREE.  65 

Terebinthus  foliis  cordato-ovatis  innnatis,  corilcc  Icvci  rufcscoite,  Jloribus 
masculls  spicatls. — Browne,  .Tuni.,  p.  345. 

The  West  Indian  or  Jamaica  Birch  becomes  a  large,  lofty, 
and  graceful  tree,  with  an  upright,  smooth,  round  trunk  of  three 
to  four  feet  in  diameter,  having  an  even,  thin,  membranaceous 
brown  or  grayish  bark,  peeling  oft'  in  shreds  like  the  European 
Birch;  but  in  other  respects  it  bears  not  the  slightest  relation 
to  that  tree.  It  produces  a  fine,  spreading,  much-branched 
summit,  full  of  elegant,  feathery  leaves,  almost  like  those  of  the 
Ailanthus;  and,  though  an  exclusive  native  of  the  tropics,  it 
annually  sheds  its  leaves  in  the  winter,  flowering  and  renewing 
its  foliage  in  the  months  of  March  and  April.  It  is  common  in 
most  of  the  West  India  Islands,  as  well  as  in  the  adjoining 
continent,  and  is  described  as  being  common  on  Key  West,  by 
our  friend  Dr.  Blodgett.  It  is  known  to  the  French  inhabitants 
by  the  name  of  Gummier,  from  the  circumstance  of  its  affording 
resin ;  by  the  Spaniards  it  is  called  Almichjo  or  Mastic  Tree,  each 
one  comparing  it  with  something  growing  in  their  native 
country. 

All  parts  of  the  plant  abound  with  a  glutinous,  balsomic  juice, 
having  the  odor  of  turpentine,  which  soon  thickens  in  the  air, 
and  forms  a  transparent  gum-resin  of  a  dark-green  color,  bearing 
some  resemblance  to  mastic,  but  with  an  unpleasant  alliaceous 
smell.  It  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  and  may  be  employed,  like 
mastic,  as  a  transparent  varnish.  It  might  also  be  substituted 
in  the  form  of  pills,  for  copaiba  and  other  nauseous  balsams,  in 
diseased  discharges  from  the  mucous  membranes.  Jacquin 
observes  that  the  bark  of  the  root  is  often  exported  to  Europe 
in  place  of  that  of  the  Simaruba,  and  by  some  it  is  said  to  pos- 
sess, in  fact,  the  same  properties  as  Quassia. 

As  a  timber  tree,  the  Bursera  is  considered  of  little  value, 
the  wood  being  white,  soft,  and  brittle,  and  it  is  seldom  put  to 
any  use  but  as  fuel. 

Vol.  v.— 5 


GG  WEST    INDIAN     BIRCH     TREE. 

The  leaves  are  alternate,  and  unequally  pinnated ;  rather  long- 
petiolate,  composed  each  of  three,  five,  seven,  or  even  some- 
times nine  opposite  leaflets,  which  are  petiolated,  oval,  acuminate, 
rounded  at  base,  and  somewhat  cordate,  entire,  at  length  smooth 
on  both  sides,  even,  and  a  little  shining  above,  (an  inch  and  a 
half  to  two  inches  wide,  and  about  three  inches  long,  when  fully 
expanded  after  the  flowering  period.)  The  flowers  are  small, 
whitish,  scentless,  growing  in  axillary,  clustered-fiowered  racemes 
or  panicles,  toward  the  summits  of  the  branches.  The  drupe  is 
about  the  size  of  a  hazel-nut,  greenish,  tinted  with  brownish 
purple  when  ripe,  resinous,  fragrant,  with  a  succulent  bark, 
appearing  somewhat  three-lobed,  three-celled,  and  three-valved, 
with  only  one  seed  usually  coming  to  perfection,  the  nuts  of  the 
two  other  cells  being  abortive :  the  nuts  are  very  white,  a  little 
compressed,  each  containing  one  kernel. 

Two  other  species  of  this  genus  are  described  by  Decandolle, 
— B.  acuminata,  from  St.  Domingo,  of  which  but  little  is  known, 
and  the  B.  simjMcifoUa,  which  is  probably  not  a  congener, 
having  a  single  nut,  exactly  three-sided,  with  the  angles  partly 
salient.  This  bears  simple  leaves,  and  forms  a  tree  only  about 
fifteen  feet  in  height. 

The  Bitrsera  im7iiculata,  (now  CoIojJiojtia  Mauritiana,)  the 
I>ois  de  Colophone  of  the  Isle  of  France,  gives  out,  from  the 
slightest  Avound  in  the  bark,  a  copious  flow  of  limpid  oil  with  a 
pungent,  turpentine  odor,  which  soon  congeals  to  the  consistence 
of  butter,  assuming  the  appearance  of  camphor. 

PLATE   LXXIX. 

A  hnnirh  of  flic  vafural  size.     a.  The  drupe,     h.  The  mit.     c.  The  male 
Jlixeer.     d.  Tlie  female Jiower.     c.  A  smedl  fnutiny  hraneh. 


SUMACH. 


Natural   Order,  AnacardiacevE,  (R.  Brown.)  Linna^an  Classifiea- 
tlon,  Pentandria,  Trigynia. 

RHUS.*     (Linn.) 

Flowers  polygamous  or  bisexual. —  CaJ>/x  small,  5-partccl,  persistent. 
Petals  five,  small,  ovate-spreading,  imbricated  in  sestivation.  Stamens 
five,  equal,  free.  Torus  an  orbicular  disk.  Ovary  ovate  or  globose, 
1-celled ;  ovule  solitary.  Styles  three,  distinct  or  combined.  Fruit 
almost  a  dry  drupe.  The  Nat  bony,  1-celled,  1-seeded,  even  or 
grooved.  Seed  (by  abortion)  solitary,  attached  to  the  extremity 
of  a  basilar  funiculus.  Embryo  inverted;  cotyledons  foliaceous; 
radicle  curved  and  opposite  to  the  hylum. 

Shrubs  or  trees  of  various  countries  and  climates,  but  more  abun- 
dant in  those  which  are  mild.  Leaves  alternate,  compound,  ternate 
or  pinnate.  Panicles  axillary  and  terminal,  the  flowers  small,  green- 
ish, and  inconspicuous. 

§  Metopium.  Drupe  ovafe-oblony,  dry  and  smooth,  nut  chartaccous. 
Seed  arillate. 

*  The  name  is  derived  from  the  Celtic  word  rliwht,  signifying  reil,  from  the 
prevailing  color  of  the  fruit.  The  name  Sumarh  is  from  the  Arabic  name 
tSimdij. 

67 


CORAL   SUMACH. 

Tvirus    METOPiuM.      Folds  immatis    2-d-j((jis  cum   imparl  glaberrimis, 

foUolis  2^ctiolalatis  ovatis  integerrbnis. 
Rhus  metopiUxM. — Linn.,  Amoen.  Acad.,  vol.  v.  p.   395.     Decand., 

Prod.,  vol.  ii.  p.  67. 
METOPiuM/o^/fs  subrotundis  pimiaio-qidnatis,  raccmis  cdaribiis. — Browne, 

Jamaic,  p.  177,  tab.  13,  fig.  3. 
TcrcbbdJius  maxima,  pinnis  paucioribus  majoribus  atque  rotimdioribus, 

fruda  raccmoso  sparso. — Sloane,  Jam.,  167.     Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  90, 

t.  199,  fig.  3.     Eaii,  Dendrol.,  p.  51. 
Borbonia  fructu  corallmo,  flore  p)entapctalo. — Plumier,  Ic.  61. 

This  stately  species  of  Sumach  becomes  a  tree  of  fifteen  to 
twenty  or  more  feet  in  height,  and  in  Jamaica  affects  the  cal- 
careous hills.  It  is  also  a  native  of  Cuba  and  Key  West, 
(Dr.  Blodgett.)  The  wood  is  hard,  and,  when  large  enough, 
suitable  for  furniture. 

Like  several  other  native  species  of  the  genus,  it  is  to  some 
individuals  poisonous  to  the  touch.  This  and  the  Mountain 
Sumach  are  called,  in  St.  Domingo,  "Mountain  Manchineel," 
from  the  poisonous  qualities  of  the  juice  they  exude.  The 
branches  are  erect  and  smooth.  The  leaves  come  out  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  and  are  unequally  pinnate,  usually  two 
pair  and  an  odd  one,  but  sometimes  three  pair  and  a  terminal 
leaflet.  The  leaves  are  very  smooth  and  coriaceous,  quite  en- 
tire, upon  long  petioles ;  the  leaflets  are  usually  broad-ovate  and 
acuminate,  on  longish,  partial  petioles,  the  upper  pair  unequal 
at  the  base ;  sometimes  they  are  of  an  elliptic  form,  and  occa- 
sionally obtuse  and  rounded  at  the  extremity.  The  flowers  are 
dioecious  ;  in  terminal,  loose,  open,  spreading  panicles,  which  are 
about  the  length  of  the  leaves;  the  bractes  are  very  small. 
Tlie  calyx  is  five-parted,  the  segments  ovate  and  dilated  with 

membranous    margins.       Petals    five,    ovate,    yellowish    white, 

OS 


pii-xxx:. 


(tirii/  Smnav/v, 


Kliiis  .\l('to|)iiun 


SurmCe  ,  tleti/fjC 


C  0  R  A  L     S  U  M  A  C  n.  69 

covered  with  dark  longitudinal  lines.  Stamens  five,  not  ex- 
serted.  In  the  fertile  flower,  the  stigma  appears  to  be  very 
small  and  unequally  three-lobed.  The  berries  are  oblong, 
smooth,  somewhat  oblique,  scarlet,  and  as  large  as  peas;  the 
nut  is  thin  and  chartaceous. 

A  transparent  gum,  in  small  quantities,  exudes  spontaneously 
from  the  peduncles  of  the  flowers,  which  probably  is  of  the 
nature  of  varnish. 


Among  the  useful  and  remarkable  species  of  this  extensive 
genus  may  be  mentioned  the  Elm-Leaved  Sumach,  [llhii^  Co- 
riaria,)  which  is  so  far  harmless  as  occasionally  to  be  employed 
for  culinary  purposes,  the  seeds  being  commonly  used,  in  Aleppo, 
at  meals  to  provoke  an  appetite.  The  leaves  and  seeds  are 
also  used  in  medicine  as  astringent  and  styptic  applications. 
From  time  immemorial,  it  has  been  employed,  like  oak  bark, 
for  tanning  leather,  and  that  of  Turkey  is  chiefly  tanned  with 
this  plant.  The  pulp  of  the  drupes  of  several  species  aflbrds 
an  agreeable  acid,  similar  to  that  of  wood  sorrel,  either  the 
oxalic  or  tartaric. 

The  Rhus  vernix  affords  the  Japan  varnish,  which  oozes  from 
incisions  made  in  the  tree,  and  grows  thick  and  black  wdien  ex- 
posed to  the  air.  It  is  so  transparent,  that,  when  laid  pure 
upon  boxes  or  furniture,  every  vein  of  the  wood  may  be  clearly 
seen.  With  it,  the  Japanese  varnish  most  of  their  household 
furniture  made  of  wood.  The  milky  juice  of  the  i^lant  stains 
linen  a  dark  brown ;  the  whole  shrub,  like  our  Poison  Ash, 
{E.  venenata,)  to  which  it  is  nearly  allied,  is  in  a  high  degree 
poisonous;  and  the  poison  is  communicated  by  touching  or 
smelling  any  part  of  it.  Inflammations  appear  on  the  skin  in 
large  blotches,  succeeded  by  pustules,  which  rise  in  the  inflamed 
parts  and  fill  with  watery  matter,  attended  with  burning  and 
itching,  which  continues  for  several  days,  after  wdiich  the  in- 


70  CORAL     SUMACH. 

flammation  subsides.  The  extremities  cand  glandular  j^arts  of 
the  body  are  those  which  are  most  affected.  Our  Rhus  radicans 
and  R.  toxicodendron  (Poison  Vines)  operate  nearly  in  the 
same  way,  though  in  a  less  degree  than  the  Poison  Ash  or  Rims 
remix.  Many  persons,  however,  can  approach  and  handle 
these  deleterious  plants  with  impunity.  One  of  the  most  dan- 
gerous species  in  America  is  the  Rhus  pumila  of  Michaux,  a 
native  of  North  Carolina.  Mr.  Lyons,  a  well-known  and  as- 
siduous collector  of  rare  and  ornamental  plants,  suffered  ex- 
tremely from  its  venom,  by  merely  collecting  the  seeds ;  it 
produced  a  general  fever,  and  affected  the  use  of  his  limbs  for 
several  years. 

PLATE  LXXX. 

A.  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  male  flowers,     b.  A  flower  enlarged. 


PI.  Lxxxr. 


Coiinus  Aniericajiu8 


Larffehave€^.  r^f/uu^r. 


,S/////rf'  /')/yff/  f/' h.ii rt<///f . 


COTINUS,  OK  YENETIAN  SUMACH. 


Natural  Order,  Anacardiace^e,  (R.  Brown.)     Linna^an  Classifiai- 
tioji,  Pentandria,  Trigynia. 

COTINUS,  (TouRN.)     Rhus,  (Linn.) 

FloiDcrs  similar  to  those  of  Rhus,  but  hermaphrodite,  and  a  great  part 
of  them  abortive,  the  barren  pedicels  at  length  elongated  and 
clothed  with  articulated  hairs.  Fruit  a  dry,  cartilaginous,  oblique 
drupe,  without  any  pulp,  1-celled.     Seed  solitary. 

Small  trees  with  alternate,  simple,  ovate  or  roundish,  entire  leaves ; 
the  flowers  in  loose,  diftuse,  slender,  terminal  panicles. 


LARGE-LEAVED 

OR 

AMERICAN  COTINUS. 

CoTiNUS  Americanus.     FoUiS  rliomhoideo-ovatis  suhtus  ad  ncrvos  jyubcs- 

ceniibus,  pcmicida  parva  laxa. 
Rhus  Cotinoides. — ISTutt.,  MSS.  in  Herb.  Acad.  Phila. 
Rhus  Cotinus? — Torrey  and  Gray,  Flora  N.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  216. 

Ix  the  autumn  of  1819,  during  a  tour  made  into  the  interior 
of  the  Arkansas  Territory,  I  discovered  this  interesting  species 
of  Cotinus  on  the  high,  Ijroken,  calcareous  rocky  banks  of  the 
Grand  River,  a  large  tributary  of  the  Arkansas,  at  a  place  then 


7:2  LARCE-LEAVED    OH    AMERICAN    COTINUS. 

kiK.NMi  to  ^•()3•agc^s  by  tlie  name  of  the  "Eagle's  Nest."  In  this 
rocky  situation,  it  did  not  rise  beyond  the  height  of  a  shrub,  and 
had  a  yeUow,  close-grained,  fragrant  wood. 

The  branches  are  smooth  and  gray,  the  younger  ones  brown, 
and  rough  with  numerous  vestiges  of  former  petioles.  Leaves 
three  to  four  inches  long  by  two  to  two  and  a  half  wide,  the 
lower  ones  rhombic-ovate  and  obtuse,  the  upper  ones  obovate, 
])ut  still  soiuewliat  narrowed  at  the  extremity,  strongly  veined 
Ijciieatli,  the  veins  pubescent  even  m  the  oldest  leaves.  Panicle 
less  compound  than  in  the  common  species,  the  hairs  of  the  in- 
fertile peduncles  more  straggling,  no  infertile  rudiments  of  flowers 
ou  the  adult  peduncles.  Segments  of  the  calyx  linear-oblong. 
Di-upe  dry,  rugose,  brown,  oblique,  partly  reniform,  two-celled, 
one-seeded,  the  smaller  lobe  of  the  carpel  empty.  The  whole 
I  limit  })osse.sses  the  same  aromatic  odor  as  the  true  Cotinus.  It  is, 
no  doubt,  a  hardy  plant,  and  deserving  of  cultivation;  but,  as  it 
has  not  been  collected  since  I  observed  it,  it  would  appear  to  be 
scarc-e  and  wry  local. 


Another  very  distinct  species  of  this  genus  also  exists  in  Ne- 
paul.  There  is  a  specimen  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia,  in-dvkL'd  l{Ju(s  vcJutuium,  by 
Dr.  Wallieh.     It  may  be  called 

( '( )Ti  .\  IS  m:lutinus.  The  leaves  are  oblong-elliptic  or  subovate, 
piilnsrent.  beneath  softly  villous ;  the  calyx  and  young  peduncles 
are  also  hairy. 

Tlie  Co/!// IIS  of  Europe,  or  Venetian  Sumac,  forms  a  tufted  small 
tree  from  six  to  fifteen  feet  high,  and  is  indigenous  to  tJie  South 
ol"  Fiance,  Italy,  Switzerland,  Austria,  Siberia,  &c.  It  has  an 
elegant  foliage,  an  agreeable  citron  odor;  and  the  singular  aspect 
ol  its  woolly  panicles,  resendiling  almost  a  tixed  purple  cloud, 
renders  it  well  worthy  of  cultivation  for  ornament.     The  wood 


LARGE-LEAVED    OR   AMERICAN    COTINUS.  73 

is  yellow  and  green,  and  is  employed  by  musical-instrument 
makers,  ebonists,  turners,  &c.  It  serves  likewise  for  dyeing 
cloth  a  coffee-brown,  and  in  preparing  morocco  leather.  Tlie 
leaves  and  branches  also,  in  common  with  the  bark  of  several 
species  of  Sumach,  answer  for  tanning.  The  figure  in  plate  10 
of  the  Atlas  to  Pallas's  Travels  very  much  resembles  our  plant, 
and  is  remarkal^le  for  the  oblong  form  of  its  leaves.  This  vai-icty 
grew  on  the  steppes  of  Koumau,  near  the  borders  of  the  Caspian. 

PLATE  LXXXL 

A  branch  of  (Jic  natural  size,  in  seed.     a.   Tlie  fruit 


V. 


S  T  Y  P  H  O  N  I  A.* 

(NUTT.) 


Xittitral    Ordtr,  AxACARDiACEiE.       Llnncean   Classification,   Pen- 

TANDRIA,  TrIGYNIA. 

Sepals  (or  caljx-leaves)  seveu  to  uino,  colored,  concave,  with  searious 
margins,  imbricated  in  several  series,  persistent,  passing  into  the 
bractcolcs.  Petals  five,  oblong,  subnnguiciilate,  similar  with  the 
sepals,  pubescent  at  base,  inserted  under  the  margin  of  the  disk. 
Stajnens  five  to  seven.  St^le  short ;  stigma  minute,  3-lobed.  Fruit 
a  dr}'  compressed  drupe ;  the  pulp  scanty,  very  acid  and  astringent. 
i\'^/^  compressed,  bony,  1-celled.  Seed  solitary,  suspended  from  a 
funiculus  arising  from  the  base  of  the  cell. 

These  are  low  and  much-branched,  submaritime  evergreen  trees  of 
Fplier  California.  Leaves  simple,  alternate,  thick  and  coriaceous. 
Flowers  jiolygamous,  sessile,  in  terminal  contracted  panicles. 


ENTIRE-LEAVED   STYPIIONIA. 

Stvi'iionia  iNTEUKiFOLiA.     Fvliis  ocalibns  intcjris  utrlnque  obtusis  hrcvi- 

jK  liiihilis. 

Stm'iioma  inldinfoVta.  Leaves  oval,  very  obtuse  at  either  end,  entire, 
oil  sh.Mt  pciloK's.— XuTT.,  in  TuKU.  atuUJuAY,  Flora  X.  Am.,  vol.  i. 
p.  J2U. 


I' nun  ^T'lifiii,  In  be  uslriin/i  nl.      In  allusiuii  to  its  (|Ualitios. 
74 


Pl.LXSXEL 


StrvphoiTiia  Inie^rifolia. 
Entire  Lemed  Sbjphonxa.  Sfrvplwmf  «  FruUh's  KiiHems. 


ENTIRE-LEAVED     STYTIIONIA.  75 

Tuis  is  an  unsightly  tree,  with  a  stem  about  the  thickness  of 
a  man's  arm,  branching  in  a  wide  and  stragghng  manner,  form- 
ing impervious  thickets  along  the  margins  of  clifl's  and  steep 
banks  near  the  sea,  around  St.  Barbara  and  St.  Diego,  in  Upper 
California.  These  thickets,  filled  exclusively  with  this  plant  and 
the  following,  at  a  distance  resemble  our  scrub-oak:  they  are 
equally  indicative  of  a  barren  soil,  and  are  almost  impervious, 
though  not  extensive. 

The  older  stems  are  smooth  and  gray,  though  the  3'oung  leaves 
and  branches  are  minutely  pubescent.  The  branches  are  brown. 
The  leaves  are  an  inch  or  more  long,  three  times  the  length  of 
the  petioles,  and  rather  prominently  veined  beneath.  The  flowers 
are  disposed  in  terminal,  few-flowered,  sessile  clusters,  upon  the 
short  branches  of  the  panicle.  The  sepals  and  petals  are  rose- 
red.  Drupes  the  size  of  a  pea,  hirsute,  dark  red.  The  fruit  is 
similar,  in  most  respects,  to  that  of  the  section  jSumac  in  the 
genus  Rhus,  though  the  inflorescence  somewhat  resembles  that  of 
Lohadium,  (the  fragrant  Sumac:)  it  differs,  however,  from  both, 
in  the  gradual  transition  of  the  bractes  into  petals. 

To  this  genus,  I  suggested  that  the  Bhus  atra  of  Forster,  from 
New  Caledonia,  might  possibly  appertain;  but  I  have  seen  since 
a  flowering  specimen  of  that  rare  plant,  in  the  collections  sent 
home  by  the  American  Exploring  Expedition,  and  find  it  to  be 
more  allied  to  Lithrea.  The  Rhus  mollis  of  Humboldt,  Bonpland, 
and  Kunth,  ap^iears,  judging  merely  from  the  figure  and  diagnos- 
tic character,  to  belong  j^robably  to  the  present  genus. 

We  know  of  no  uses  to  which  this  plant  has  been  applied;  but 
we  observed  that  there  exudes  from  the  bark,  in  small  quantities, 
a  very  astringent-tasted  gum-resin. 

PLATE  LXXXIL 

A  branch  of  tJic  natural  size,     a,   TJic  berries. 


SERRATE-LEAVED    STYPHONIA. 

Styi'Hoxia  sekkata.  Leaves  oval  or  ovate,  on  very  short  petioles, 
sharply  repaud-serrate. — ^UTT.,  in  Torr.  and  Gray,  Flora,  vol.  i. 
p.  220. 

This  species  grew  commonly  with  the  preceding,  differing  from 
it  merely  in  the  leaves,  wdiich  are  more  ovate,  and  when  young 
Ix'ing  s«harply  serrated  with  small  mucronate  notches;  the  older 
leaves  are  obscurely  repand-serrate. 


76 


P  H  I  C  K  L  Y   ASH, 


OR 


T  0  O  T  II  -  A  C  H  E   TREE. 

(Clavalier,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  ZANTEOXTLEyE,  (Ad.  Jussieu.)      Linn(jean  Classiji- 
cation,  DiOECiA,  Pentandria. 

ZANTIIOXYLUM.    (Linn.) 

Dioecious.  Sepals  small,  tliree  to  nine.  Petals  longer  tlian  the  sepals, 
or  none.  Stamens  ^as  many  in  number  as  the  sepals,  (or  fewer,) 
opposite  to  and  mostly  extended  out  beyond  them.  Ovaries  one  to 
five,  elevated  on  a  round  or  cylindrie  torus,  (or  pdacc  of  insertion,) 
distinct,  with  two  suspended  ovules.  Carpels  crustaceous,  sessile 
or  stipitate  on  the  torus ;  2-valved,  1  to  2-seeded.  Seeds  black  and 
shining,  globose,  hemispherical  when  in  pairs. 

The  plants  of  this  genus  are  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  of  warm  cli- 
mates, usually  with  prickles  on  the  branches,  petioles,  and  often  on 
the  midrib  of  the  leaves.  Flowers  small,  greenish  or  whitish.  Leaves 
pinnate,  rarely  trifoliate,  marked  with  diaphanous  aromatic  glands, 
and,  as  well  as  the  bark,  aromatic  and  pungent  to  the  taste.  The 
timber  of  several  trees  of  this  genus  is  valuable,  being  very  hard  and 
durable. 

§  n.  Sepals,  petals,  and  stamens,  four  or  jive ;  ovaries  usually  one  to 
three.     Styles  short. — Fagara,  (Jaccjuin,)  and  Ociiroxylum,  (Schreber.) 


/ 1 


CAROLINA  PRTCKLY-ASH. 

Zanthoxylum  Carolixianum.  Ramis  i-)cUollsque  jjlerisque  aculeatis, 
acalri.^  stipuhiribas  oppositls,  folils  jnniiatis  4:-G-jugis,  glaberrimis,  foUolis 
omto-lanccolalis  incequilateralis  subfalcatis  petiolulatis  crenato-serrulaiis 
lueidis,  fiorihus  pxmicidatis ;  ierminaUbus  scpalis  minuiis,  capsidis  tends 
srssdibus. 

Zaxtiioxylvm  CaroUnianum. — Lamarck's  Diet.,  vol.  ii.  pp.  39,  40. 
Catesby's  Carol.,  vol.  i.  tab.  2G.  Torrey  and  Gray,  Flor.  Am., 
vol.  i.  p.  214. 

Z.  iricarpum.— Mice.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  235.  Pursh,  vol.  i. 
p.  210.     Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  i.  p.  726. 

Z.  fraxhdfuh'nm.— Walt.,  Flora  Carolin.,  p.  243. 

This  reinurkable  tree  appears  to  be  first  met  with  in  the  State 
of  vSoLith  Carolina,  on  Sullivan's  Island/^'  and  in  Georgia.f  It 
becomes  still  more  abundant  in  the  forests  of  East  Florida,  par- 
ticularly on  the  luxuriant  banks  of  the  great  river  St.  John's, 
■where  my  ancient  friend  Wm.  Bartram  met  with  it  in  every 
direction  in  those  umbrageous  solitudes.  In  Carolina  it  appears 
to  be  confined  entirely  to  the  sea-board,  as  neither  Mr.  Elliott 
nor  myself  luid  ever  seen  it  in  the  interior  of  that  State.  It 
attains  the  height  of  about  thirty  to  forty  feet,  with  a  propor- 
tionate diameter. 

In  1774,  William  Bartram  thus  describes  it  as  it  appeared  on 
tbc  hanks  of  the  St.  John's: — "The  Zantlioxylum  Claca  Hercidis 
also  grows  here.  It  is  a  beautiful  spreading  tree,  and  much  like 
a  well-grown  Apple  Tree. "J  It  is,  however,  powerfully  armed 
with  [)rickles  and  spines,  with  which  the  leaves  and  branches  are 
thickly  beset.  Stout  stems,  as  thick  as  one's  arm,  still  present 
iiiigr  pointed  tubercles,  once  small  thorns,  now  become  large  pro- 


7S 


-Mr.  .James  I  ted.  -j-  I),-.  IJuldwiu. 

;j:  Travels  in  Morida,  etc.,  p.  88. 


PI.X:S5XIIL 


XantkoxylunL    Carolinianuni. 

CaroUrut  Pricklf^sh .  ClafoH^r  de  la  Corvlln&. 


CAROLINA     r  R  I  C  K  L  Y-  A  S  II.  79 

jections,  giving  the  stock  all  or  more  than  the  ordinary  attri- 
butes of  the  chib  of  Hercules.  The  wood,  like  that  of  the  AVest 
Indian  species,  the  true  Z.  Ckwa  HcrcuUs,  is  yellow  and  solid,  and 
hence  the  generic  name  of  Zanthoxylum,  formed  of  two  Greek 
words,  signifying  yellow  icood.  The  "West  India  plant  is  con- 
sidered a  valuable  timber  tree,  and  made  use  of  in  house-building: 
it  attains  the  height  of  about  twenty  feet. 

As  a  medicinal  plant,  the  bark  of  the  present  species  is  con- 
sidered a  powerful  stimulant,  sudorific,  diuretic,  and  febrifuge. 
Bartrara  mentions  that  it  is  bitter  to  the  taste,  slightly  odorous, 
coloring  the  saliva  yellow,  exciting  salivation  when  chewed, 
and  that  it  had  been  employed  with  success  in  rheumatism, 
paralysis  of  the  tongue,  &c.  Dr.  Gillespie  found  the  West  India 
plant,  in  tincture,  to  be  a  good  febrifuge;  and  Manguet  states 
that  the  decoction  is  anti-syphilitic.  The  analysis  of  Chevalier 
and  Pelletier  gives  a  peculiar  crystalline  substance  which  they 
call  Zanthopwrite,  a  yellow  coloring-matter  which  appears  to 
be  the  source  of  the  bitter  taste  of  this  bark,  a  red  coloring- 
matter,  and  some  salts. 

The  leaves  in  the  present  species  are  very  smooth,  pinnate 
in  about  five  or  at  most  six  pair  and  an  odd  one ;  each  pair  of 
leaves  send  off,  in  common,  an  opposite  pair  of  long,  flat  thorns ; 
the  leaflets  are  ovate-lanceolate,  curved,  and  acuminate,  slightly 
serrate ;  the  sides  from  the  midrib  very  unequal,  the  lower  side 
of  the  leaf  being  scarcely  half  as  wide  as  the  upper  side.  The 
flowers,  rather  numerous  but  not  conspicuous,  are  produced  in 
a  clustered,  terminal  panicle,  with  a  minute  calyx,  but  with 
rather  large,  ovate,  obtuse,  greenish-white  petals.  The  carpels 
are  said,  by  Michaux,  to  be  usually  three,  sometimes  two,  but 
never  four.  James  Reed,  Esq.,  collected,  in  East  Florida,  a 
specimen  of  the  female  plant,  which  scarcely  presents  a  thorn 
either  on  the  leaves  or  branches.  Upon  the  whole,  we  are 
inclined  to  believe  that  the  young  and  vigorous  infertile  shoots 
and  branches  are  those  which  mostly  present  the  greatest  num- 


80  LONG-LEAVED     rRICKLY-ASIL 

ber  of  thorns,  for  all  the  flowering  specimens  we  have  seen  are 
possessed  of  very  little  armature. 

According  to  Catesby,  this  tree  rarely  rises  higher  than  six- 
teen feet,  with  a  diameter  of  one  foot;  the  bark  is  whitish  and 
rough,  the  trunk  in  particular,  which  is  almost  wholly  covered 
with  pyramidal  protuberances  terminated  by  sharp  points.  The 
leaves  have  nearly  the  same  odor  as  those  of  the  Orange,  which 
in  warm  weather  is  perceptible  at  the  distance  even  of  forty  or 
fifty  feet,  and,  as  well  as  the  bark  and  seeds,  are  aromatic,  as- 
tringent, and  very  pungent.  It  has  long  been  employed  as  a 
remedy  for  appeasing  the  toothache. 

PLATE  LXXXIII. 

A  tir'ig  and  leaf  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  ixmicle  of  flowers,     h.  The 

male  flower. 


LONG-LEAVED   PRICKLY-ASH. 

Zantiioxylum  macrophyllum.  Bamis  j^eiioUsque  aculeatis,  aculeis  spar- 
sis,  fuliis  lyinnatls  Q-S-jugis,  Junior ibus  2)eiiolisque  jruberulis,  foliolis  lan- 
ccolaiis  acuminatis  vix  imvqualibus,  jKtioluIatis  crenato-serrulatis,floribus 
2>aniculaiis  terniinalibus,  capsuUs  subsolltariis  brevi-stipitatis. 

This  elegant  and  curious  tree  is  of  frequent  occurrence  on 
the  banks  of  the  Arkansas,  in  the  lower  settlements,  aifecting 
<lry  and  light  soils  at  no  great  distance  from  the  stream.  It 
grows  erect,  branching  toward  the  summit,  and  forming  a 
roundisli  top.  The  height  is  about  that  of  an  ordinary  Apple 
Tree,  and  the  diameter  about  a  foot  or  eighteen  inches;  the 
stem  is,  as  usual,  rough,  with  prismatic  acute  excrescences, 
whieh   ill  an  earlier  stage  of  gi'owth  have   been  mere  thorns. 


PI   LXXXiV 


X  anthoxyluiri     P  t  erut  a . 

liajrfard  Iron  Wood  Clava'.ier  ,'iilt 


BASTARD     IRON-WOOD.  81 

That  it  must  be  a  very  different  species  from  the  preceding  is 
evident  by  the  climate  it  inhabits ;  the  other  nowhere  extends 
beyond  the  warm  sea-islands  of  South  Carolina ;  this  grows  in 
a  climate  subject  to  severe  frost  and  snow,  as  I  experienced  in 
the  winter  of  1819. 

The  leaves  are  nearly  twice  as  long  as  in  the  southern  spe- 
cies :  they  are  about  a  foot  in  length,  with  often  as  many  as 
eight  pairs  of  leaflets.  The  leaflets  are  about  three  inches  long 
and  an  inch  wide,  very  distinctly  acuminated,  with  the  petioles 
pubescent,  as  well  as  the  midrib  of  the  leaves  above  and  be- 
neath, and,  in  a  young  state,  the  whole  upper  surfiice  is  puberu- 
lous.  The  prickles  are  small  and  scattered ;  the  naked  part  of 
the  common  petiole  rather  more,  sometimes,  than  two  inches 
long.  The  leaflets  are  also  scarcely  at  all  oblique,  never  fal- 
cate, and  the  two  sides  from  the  midrib  nearly  of  the  same 
breadth.  The  panicle  is  loose  and  many-flowered,  the  capsules 
mostly  one,  rarely  two,  and  shortly  stipitate. 


BASTARD   IRON-WOOD. 

Zanthoxylum  Pterota.  Foliis  i^'-^^naUs,  foUoUs  obovads  cmargmatlsj 
yetiole  communi  marginato  artlcidato  incrmi. — "Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  ii. 
p.  666,  (under  Fagara.) 

Zanthoxylum  Pterota,  (IIumb.,  Boxpl.,  and  Kuntii,)  prickly ;  leaves 
unequally  pinnate ;  leaflets  three  to  six  pairs,  obovate-obloiig, 
obtuse,  emarginate,  glabrous,  the  margins  crenate  and  glandu- 
larly  punctate ;  petiole  winged,  prickly ;  spikes  axillary,  solitary 
or  by  pairs,  shorter  than  the  petiole ;  ovaries  two ;  capsule  solitary, 
prickles  in  pairs,  stipular,  hooked. — Kuntii,  Synops.,  vol.  iii. 
p.  325.     ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flor.,  Suppl.,  vol.  i.  p.  680. 

Pterota  suhspinosa.  Foliis  minoribus  pcrjyinnas  marginato-alatas  dispod- 
iis,  spicis  gemlnatis  alaribus. — Browne,  Jamaic,  p.  146,  tab.  5,  fig.  1. 

Vol.  v.— 6 


82  BASTARD    IRON-WOOD. 

Lauro  affinis  iasmini  folio  alato  eosta  media  membramlis  utrinque  exstan- 
iibas  (data,  ligno  duriiie  ferro  vex  cedens.SLOAi^E,  Jamaic,  Hist., 
vol.  ii.  p.  25,  tab.  162,  fig.  1. 

An  S'jdcroxi/lum  Surinamense  Lentiscini  minorihus  folds,  radchi  media 
appcndicibus  aucto.— Pluk.,  Mant.,  p.  172. 

An  imperfect  specimen  of  this  species  of  Zanthoxylura  was 
collected  in  Texas  by  Drummond.  It  appears  also  to  be  com- 
mon on  Key  West,  in  East  Florida,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett. 
It  becomes  a  small  shrubby  tree,  about  twelve  to  twenty  feet 
liigh,  so  remarkable  for  the  density  of  its  wood,  which  is  yellow 
and  close,  like  Box,  that,  according  to  Sloane,  it  scarcely  yields 
to  iron  in  hardness.  Sloane  remarks,  "If  this  be  the  Iron- 
Wood  of  Lujon,  page  41,  it  grows  in  Barbadoes;  and  at  page 
75,  he  tells,  that  'tis  proper  to  make  cogs  j  that  neither  sun  nor 
wind  hurts  it,  and  that  it  is  so  hard  as  to  break  their  tools." 
The  leaves  and  other  parts  of  the  plant  have  a  strong  ruta- 
ceous  odor. 

The  branches  are  either  prickly  or  unarmed,  covered  with  a 
gray  bark.  The  leaves  alternate,  unequally  pinnate ;  the  leaf- 
lets, from  four  to  six  pairs,  are  obovate-oblong,  and  crenate  on 
the  margin,  somewhat  notched  at  the  extremity,  smooth  and 
subsessile,  scattered  with  pellucid  punctures;  the  petiole,  about 
five  inches  long,  is  marginated.  The  flowering  panicles  branched, 
axillary,  and  terminal.  Flowers,  four  to  six  together,  subsessile, 
greenish  yellow,  and  fragrant.  The  calyx  small  and  four-cleft. 
Petals  four.  Stamens  four,  longer  than  the  petals,  with  the 
anthers  yellow.  The  ovary,  mostly  single,  ovate ;  style  one, 
conical ;  mature  fruit  the  size  of  a  grain  of  black  pepper,  one- 
celled,  two-valved,  one-seeded.  The  seed  smooth,  shining,  and 
of  a  dark  brown  color. 

PLATE   LXXXIV. 

A  hraiirh  of  the.  natural  size.  a.  A  cluster  of  female  flowers,  h.  The  ripe 
capsule,     c.   The  fonede  flower  enlarged,     d.   The  nude  also,  magnified. 


WALNUT-LEAVED    YELLOW-WOOD. 

Zaxtiioxylum  Juglandifolium,  aculcaium.     Foliis  innnails^  folioUs  ob- 

longis  acuminatis   obsolete    serratis   basi   inccquaUbus,  petiole  communi 

subaculeato,  paniculis    tcrminalihus. — TVilld.,  Sp.   pi.,  1.  c.   No.   9. 

Persoon,  Synops.,  vol.  ii.  p.  615.     Decand.,  Prod,,  vol.  i.  p.  727. 
Zanthoxylum   Clava  Ecrculis? — Macfadyen,  Flora  Jamaic,  p.  19-4. 

(non.  "WiLLD.)     /3  Lam.,  Diet.,  vol.  ii.  p.  39. 
Z.  Americanum  sive  Herculis  arbor  aculeata  major,  juglandis  foliis  alternis 

parum  sinuosis. — Pluk.,  Almag.,  p.  396,  t.  239,  fig.  6  ? 
Evonyma  affinis  arbor  spinosa,  folio  alato,  fruciu  sicco  pentagono  et  pen- 

tacocco,  ligno  flavo  santali  odore. — Sloane,  Catal.  Jamaic,  vol.  i. 

p.  138;  Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  28,  t.  172? 

Specimens  of  this  species  of  Yellow-Wood  have  been  collected 
in  Louisiana  by  Mr.  Teinturier.  It  has  also  been  found  in  the 
island  of  Nevis,  and  in  St.  Domingo,  by  Poiteau.  In  Jamaica, 
according  to  Dr.  Macfadyen,  it  becomes  a  tree  of  about  twenty 
feet  in  height,  producing  a  valuable  timber  for  house-building. 
The  wood  is  yellow,  close-grained,  and,  according  to  Sloane,  has 
the  aromatic  odor  of  Sandal- Wood,  and  might  probably  bo 
equally  useful  in  driving  away  moths  from  chests  made  of  it. 
He  likewise  adds,  that  it  is  one  of  the  largest  and  tallest  trees 
of  the  island,  attaining  the  height  of  forty  or  more  feet,  and  that 
it  is  also  indigenous  to  Barbadoes,  where  it  is  accounted  a  good 
timber  for  in-door  work. 

The  stem  is  erect  and  armed  wdth  thick  spines.  The  leaves 
come  out  principally  toward  the  end  of  the  branches.  They  are 
unequally  pinnate,  and  consist  of  six  to  eight  pairs;  the  leaflets 
are  mostly  alternate,  and -become  coriaceous,  two  or  three  inches 
long,  marked  with  obscure  pellucid  dots  and  distant  serrula- 
tions;   the  base  is  rounded  and  somewhat  oblique,  the  leaves 

rather  downy  beneath.     The  common  petioles  are  beset  with  a 

83 


84  FLORIDA     SATIN-WOOD. 

few  .short  scattered  prickles,  sometimes  almost  wholly  absent, 
Tlie  panicle  is  terminal,  much  branched,  and  downy.  The  cap- 
sules are  four  or  five,  rather  downy,  containing  black  seeds. 


FLORIDA   SATIN-WOOD. 

Zantiioxylum  Floridanum.  Inerme,  foliis  pimicdis  2-S-jugis,  foUolis 
dliptlcis  siibomUs  crcmdatls  iKllueido-iyunctatis^  glabris,  jpankulls  tcr- 
minalibtis,  muliijioris,  masculis  ^-b-andris. 

Tins  plant  is  said  by  its  discoverer,  Dr.  Blodgett,  to  be  a  large 
and  connnon  tree  on  the  island  of  Key  West,  where  it  is  known 
by  the  name  of  Satin- Wood.  A  nearly-allied  species  of  Guiana, 
called  "Negro  Pepper,"  from  its  aromatic  and  pungent  fruit, 
(Z.  hermapliroditum,)  is  said  to  grow  forty  or  fifty  feet  high,  and 
to  produce  white,  hard,  and  close-grained  wood. 

The  branches  in  our  plant  are  cinereous,  and  much  cicatrized 
with  the  vestiges  of  fallen  leaves.  The  leaves  themselves 
almost  resemble  those  of  some  species  of  Ash;  they  are  alternate, 
on  common  petioles  about  two  inches  long;  the  leaflets,  two  or 
three,  rarely  four  pair,  are  elliptic  or  subovate,  opposite,  obtuse, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  and  slightly  oblique,  with  shallow,  small 
crenatures  on  the  margin,  at  length  quite  smooth,  and  very 
distinctly  marked  (when  held  against  the  light)  with  pellucid 
punctures  or  translucid  aromatic  glands;  the  petioles,  young 
buds,  and  the  stalks  of  the  panicles,  as  well  as  the  midrib  of  the 
yomig  leaves,  are  thinly  clad  with  close-pressed  stellated  hairs. 
'I'lic  panicles  of  the  male  flowers  are  large,  and  contain  very 
many  crowded,  small,  yellowish-white  flowers.  The  calyx  is 
wvy  small  and  live-toothed;  the  petals  much  larger,  oblong-ovate, 
I"!!!'  to  live,  with  the  same  number  of  stamens.     The  panicle  of 


I'l  LXAW. 


X^Tit}u)Kyliim  J'loridi^niUTn 

Florida  Satin  Wood.  ('/(rra/rtr  </rs F/oruUf 


,#.^ 


FLORIDA     SATIN-WOOD.  85 

female  flowers  is  smaller  than  in  the  other  sex,  the  calyx  and 
corolla  similar.  The  germs  are  mostly  two,  sometimes  three, 
each  terminated  with  a  small  style  and  a  large  unequal-sided 
capitate  stigma.  The  capsules  are  brownish  yellow  and  stipitate, 
covered  with  turgid  glands,  and  each  containing  one  shining- 
black  seed.  This  species  appears  to  be  allied  to  Z.  acumi- 
natum; but  the  leaves  are  not  acuminate,  and  the  flowers  have 
four  and  mostly  five  stamens.  From  the  rude  figure  of  Sloane, 
t.  168,  f.  4,  we  should  almost  be  inclined  to  think  it  intended 
for  our  plant;  but  the  leaves  are  entire  and  often  emarginate, 
and  hence  the  name  of  Z.  emarginatum  given  by  Swartz. 

PLATE  LXXXV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  male  flower  enlarged,    h.  The  female 
flower,     c.  The  ripe  capsule. 


LIGNUM-VIT^   TREE. 

(Gayac,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  Ztgopiiylle^,  (R.  Brown.)     Linncean  Classifwa- 
tion,  Decandria,  Monogtnia. 

GUAIACUM.*     (Plumier  aucl  Decand.) 

Cahjx  5-parted,  obtuse,  deciduous,  the  divisions  unequal.  Petals  five. 
Stamens  ten,  with  the  filaments  naked  or  partly  appendiculate. 
Style  and  stigma  one.  Capsule  substipitate,  2  or  3  to  5-celled,  with 
two  to  five  salient  angles.  Seeds  solitary,  affixed  to  the  axis,  pen- 
dulous; albumen  cartilaginous,  cotyledons  rather  thick. 

Trees  of  moderate  elevation,  with  extremely  hard  and  heavy  wood  ; 
the  branchlets  trichotomous,  leaves  opposite,  abruptly  pinnated,  the 
leafiets  entire,  peduncles  axillar  and  terminal,  few  and  mostly  clustered, 
1-fiowcrod,  the  flowers  blue. 


SMALL-LEAVED    LIGNUM- VIT^. 

(JrAiAcu.M  SANCTUM.  Foliis  5-7 -jiffjis,  foliolts  oraUbus  obtusis  mucronu- 
bifis;  pcfiolis  ramuUsque  subpubescentibus. — Decand.,  Prod.,  vol.  i.  p. 
707. 

Guaiacum  sanctum.  FoliolismuWjagis  obtusis. — Linn.  Commel.,  Ilort., 
vol.  i.  p.  171,  t.  88.     Lam.,  Encyc,  vol.  ii.  p.  G15. 

Jdsniiiniiii  nil(j()  A incricanum.    S.  Evomjmo  affinis  occidcntalis,alatis rusci- 

*  Dcrivcil  from  ;i  IMexican  iiauic  altered  by  the  Spaniards  iuto  Gaaijaran. 


Pl.LXXTN".. 


Ou  a  la  turn    HiUK-tmii. 


SMALL-LEAVED     L  I  GN  U  M-V  I  T  ^E.  87 

foliis,  nucifera^  cortice  ad  genicula  ftmgoso. — Pluk.,  Almag.,  p.  139,  t. 

94,  fig.  4. 
Lignum-  Vitce  ex  Brasilia. — Blackwall,  tab.  350,  figs.  3,  4. 
/5  G.  *PARViFOLiuM.     Foliis  sublrijugis  foUolis  obliquis,  capsulis  iKntaptcrls. 


This  species  forms  a  spreading  tree,  resembling  an  Oak,  with 
a  thick,  short  trunk ;  and,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  (who  found 
it  to  be  abundant  in  Key  West,)  its  fine  blue  flowers,  in  April, 
make  a  very  beautiful  appearance.  It  is  a  native  likewise  of 
various  tropical  parts  of  South  America,  the  island  of  St. 
Domingo,  St.  Juan  of  Porto  Rico,  and  Mexico.  According  to 
Plumier,  the  wood  of  this  species  is  as  hard  and  as  heavy  as 
that  of  the  true  Lignum- Vitae,  but  of  the  color  of  Box.  Yet 
Hernandez  describes  the  wood  as  blue  internally,  which  pro- 
bably takes  place  in  the  older  trunks,  and  thus  again  resembling 
the  officinal  Guaiacum.  The  bark  of  this  tree  is  gray  or  yellow- 
ish gray,  and  even.  The  leaflets  are  never  more  than  two  or 
mostly  three  pair,  somewhat  cuneate-oblong,  oblique,  and  obtuse, 
but  terminating  in  short  setaceous  points ;  the  young  branchlets 
and  margins  of  the  leaves  are  somewhat  pubescent.  The 
flowers  are  terminal,  on  longish  peduncles,  and  from  two  to  four 
together.  The  segments  of  the  calyx  are  nearly  smooth  and 
oblong.  The  petals,  five,  are  oval,  rounded,  partly  unguiculate, 
smooth,  and  perfectly  entire.  The  capsule  is  turbinate,  and 
furnished  mostly  with  five  salient  angles  or  wings. 

The  wood  of  the  true  Lignum-Vitoe  is  so  heavy  as  to  sink  in 
water :  to  the  taste  it  is  slightly  bitter  and  inodorous.  It  takes 
a  fine  polish  and  turns  well,  being  much  used  where  solidity  is 
an  object,  such  as  for  ship-blocks,  pestles,  &c.  The  centre  of 
the  wood  is  of  an  obscure  green,  and  is  the  part  which  contains 
the  larger  jDroportion  of  resin;  the  outer  layer  or  sap-wood  is 
more  yellow,  lighter,  and  contains  very  little  resin.  It  is  re- 
markably cross-grained,  the  strata  of  fibres  running  obliquely 
into  one  another,  in  the  form  of  a  letter  X.     It  is  usually  sawed 


88  SMALL-LEAVED    L  I  GN  U  M-V  I  T /E. 

into  pieces  of  one  to  five  hundredweight  each,  and  seldom  pre- 
sents a  diameter  of  more  than  twelve  to  eighteen  inches. 

The  peculiar  substance  called  Guaiacum  (now  Guaiacine)  is 
procured  from  this  tree.  It  is  friable,  semitranspareut,  light, 
of  a  brownish-green  color  when  exposed  to  the  air  and  light, 
and  diffuses,  on  burning,  a  somewhat  agreeable  odor.  It  is 
slightly  Ijitter,  and  produces  in  the  mouth  a  sensation  of  smart- 
ing and  heat.  It  dissolves  entirely  in  alcohol,  and  partially  in 
water.  It  either  flows  spontaneously  and  concretes  in  tears,  or 
is  obtained  by  incisions.  The  latter  operation  is  performed  in 
May.  This  substance  is  also  obtained  by  sawing  the  wood  into 
billets  and  boring  a  hole  longitudinally  through  them,  so  that, 
when  one  end  of  the  billet  is  laid  on  the  fire,  the  gum  flows 
readily  from  the  other,  and  is  collected  in  a  calabash  or  gourd. 
It  may  also  be  obtained  by  boiling  the  chips  or  rasjoings  in  salt 
water,  when  the  gum  will  separate  from  the  wood  and  rise  to 
the  surface.  Guaiacine  differs  from  resin  in  the  change  of  color 
produced  on  it  by  air  and  light,  and  the  action  of  the  acids,  in 
not  forming  tannin  but  oxalic  acid  when  treated  with  nitric  acid, 
and  in  the  large  proportion  of  charcoal  it  affords  when  burnt. 

Guaiacine  is  stimulant,  diaphoretic,  diuretic,  and  purgative. 
The  8})aniar(ls  first  imported  the  Avood  from  America  into 
Europe  in  tha  year  1508.  It  had  then  a  high  reputation  as  an 
antisj'philitic,  and  the  names  of  IIoJi/  Wood  and  Wood  of  Life 
were  given  to  it,  and  it  was  then  in  such  esteem  as  to  be  sold  at 
the  rate  of  seven  gold  crowns  a  pound.  Its  virtues,  however, 
in  the  treatment  of  this  disease  have  been  now  wholly  super- 
seded by  mercury.  The  decoction  of  the  wood  has  been  found 
useful  in  cutaneous  diseases  and  scrofulous  affections.  The  guiac 
itself  is  an  efficacious  remedy  in  chronic  rheumatism  and  arthri- 
tic affections,  and  may  be  substituted  for  the  wood,  of  which  it  is 
tlie  acti\e  medicinal  ingredient.  Its  sensible  efffects  are  a  grate- 
ful sense  of  wannlli  in  the  stomach,  dryness  of  the  mouth,  and 
thirst,  with  a  c()i)i()its  perspiration  if  the  body  be  kept  exter- 


SMALL-LEAVED     L  I  G  N  TJ  M- V  I  T  IE.  SO 

nally  warm,  or  if  the  guiac  be  united  with  opium  and  antimo- 
nials ;  but  when  the  body  is  freely  exposed  it  acts  wholly  as  a 
diuretic.  The  tincture  diluted  with  water  has  been  employed 
as  a  gargle  to  cleanse  the  mouth,  strengthen  the  gums,  relieve 
toothache,  &c. 

It  is  probable  that  our  variety  [3  {Gaaiacum parvi folium)  may 
be  a  distinct  species  from  the  true  G.  sanctum,  and  more  nearly 
allied  to  the  officinal  species;  but  we  have  seen  no  authentic 
specimen  for  comjDarison,  and  our  plant  is  certainly,  at  the  same 
time,  exactly  similar  with  a  specimen  so  marked  and  collected 
in  St.  Domingo  by  Poiteau.  Li  the  Dictlonnaire  des  Plantcs 
Usiielles,  pi.  295,  a.  1,  there  is  a  bad  figure  of  the  G.  mncfum, 
which  may  be  that  of  the  G.  officinale,  while  plate  294  is  made 
up  of  the  fruit  of  the  true  officinal  Guaiacum  and  the  simple 
opposite  leaves  of  some  other  plant  foreign  both  to  the  genus 
and  order.  In  the  Icones  Plantarum  MediclnaJlwn  of  Nurem- 
berg, tab.  540;  the  same  false  figure  is  given  as  the  G.  sanctum. 

PLATE   LXXXVL 

A  })r (inch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  fruit. 


v.— n* 


BITTER -WOOD. 

(QuAssiE,  Fr.) 


Xadiml   Order,  SniARUBACE.E,   (Richard.)     Linncean   Classifica^ 
tion,  Decandria,  Monogynia. 

SIMARUBA.*     (AuBLET.) 

Flowers  moncecious,  dkecious,  or  polygamous. — Calijx  small,  5-parted. 
Petals  five,  somewhat  Larger  than  the  calyx.  Stcmicns  five  to  ten, 
with  scales  at  their  hase.  Stijle  divided  at  the  apex.  Carpels 
usually  of  the  same  nnmher  as  the  petals,  inserted  by  a  joint  on 
the  axis,  capsular,  2-valved,  internally  dehiscent  and  1-seeded. 
Seeds  without  albumen,  pendulous;  cotyledons  thick;  radicle 
superior. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  the  intertropical  regions  of  America,  with  a 
vcr}'  bitter  bark  and  milky  juice:  the  leaves  alternate,  pinnated,  and 
without  stipules. 


GLAUCOUS   BITTER-WOOD. 

SiMAuriiA   CLAUCA.       Florihus   VHmotcls,  viaseulis    derandris?   silgmaie 
r)-jiaiii/()^  J'oh'is  ahritpic  ]uin)afis,  fdh'uh's  aJlenu's  sidtpetiohdfjfls  <jlahris 

(/hlilcls. —  DkCAM).,  I'tcmL,  vol.  i.  p.  Too.       IIUMB.,  r>()NPL.,  Ct  KUNTII., 

Xov.  (Jcuer.  Am.,  vol.  vi.  p.  10. 


*  An   In.liaii  lumu'  uivcMi  bv  AiibU't,  cnijtloyod  by  tlio  ("lalibis. 
90 


I'l.liXXXVIl. 


Smia  niba    o'la vro n 


Ohxu^roits  BU^^/'Vo,' 


Si inaron h(i  ('hmtj>i. 


GLAUCOUS     BITTER-WOOD.  91 

This  species  of  Bitter- Wood,  often  confounded  with  the  ofilci- 
nal  kind,  was  first  observed  by  Humboldt  in  the  iskmd  of  Cuba, 
near  the  port  of  La  Trinidad,  and,  according  to  the  Herbarium 
of  Poiteau,  it  also  exists  in  St.  Domingo,  where  it  was  seen  pro- 
babl}^  by  Aublet.  In  Key  West,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  it 
becomes  a  lofty  tree  and  liowers  in  April. 

The  Simaruha  cxcelsa,  according  to  Aublet,  attains  the  height 
of  sixty  feet,  wdtli  a  diameter  of  two  and  a  half  feet.  The 
timber,  Dr.  Macfadyen  remarks,  is  of  an  excellent  quality,  the 
wood  being  of  a  yellowish  color,  inodorous,  light,  not  very  hard, 
but  capable  of  receiving  a  very  fine  polish,  and  in  Jamaica  is 
much  used  for  flooring.  Insects  will  not  approach  the  bedposts 
and  clothes-presses  made  of  it,  on  account  of  its  bitter  quality; 
and  it  has  been  emploj^ed  for  this  reason  to  make  cabinets  for 
the  preservation  of  collections  of  insects. 

The  officinal  part  of  the  Simarnha  officinalis  (from  which  the 
present  species  is  scarcely  distinct)  is  the  bark  of  the  root.  It 
is  inodorous,  with  a  bitter  but  not  disagreeable  taste.  The 
pieces  are  of  a  fibrous  texture,  rough,  scaly,  covered  with  warts, 
and  of  a  full  yellow  color  within,  wdien  fresh.  Alcohol  and 
water  take  up  all  its  active  matters  by  simple  maceration,  better 
than  at  a  boiling  heat.  It  is  one  of  the  most  intense  and 
durable  bitters  known,  and  has  the  property  of  a  tonic  and  anti- 
spasmodic, being  employed  watli  advantage  in  intermittent  and 
bilious  fevers,  obstinate  diarrhoea,  dysentery,  and  dysj)eptic  affec- 
tions. The  wood  is  much  used  in  England  to  give  bitterness  to 
malt  liquors,  though  the  use  of  it  subjects  brewers  to  a  very 
heavy  penalty. 

Every  part  of  the  present  species  is  perfectly  smooth,  and  the 
young  branches  and  panicles  are  glaucous.  The  leaflets,  five 
or  six  pair,  are  occasionally  both  alternate  and  opposite,  oblong, 
obtuse,  entire,  narrowed,  and  somewhat  oblique  at  the  base, 
paler  beneath,  but  not  pubescent.  The  flowers  appear  to  be 
wholly  dioecious,  as  remarked  by  Dr.  Wright,  in  the  Jamaica 


<)-2  GLAUCOUS     BITTER-WOOD. 

jilant.  The  panicles  are  pedunculated  and  axillary;  the  flowers 
are  small,  yellowish  with  a  tinge  of  red,  scattered,  and  mixed 
with  a  lew  linear  obtuse  bractes.  The  petals  are  oblong-lanceo- 
late. Stigmas  five,  revolute,  smooth ;  germs  the  same  number. 
The  drupes  or  capsules  are  seldom  more  than  three  by  the  abor- 
tion of  the  other  germs,  oval,  somewhat  compressed,  and 
obtusely  carinated,  of  a  deep  reddish  purple,  with  little  or  no 
pulp,  indehiscent,  and  one-seeded.  From  their  appearance  they 
are  in  Jamaica  called  Bitter  or  Mountain  Damsons. 

PLATE   LXXXVII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


Fl.LXX'.VVTn. 


Tooeoloba   luvifera  . 

Side  Ov(X/je.  JioLSinur  a  (rnippc- 


COCCOLOBA. 

(Linn.) 


Natural    Order,    PoLYGONE^E,    (Juss.)       Luina^an    Classification, 

OCTANDKIA,  TkIGYNIA. 

Flowers  perfect,  or  polygamous, —  Calyx  5-partcd,  petaloid,  at  length 
converted  into  a  berry.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  eight,  anthers 
rounded.  Ovary  S-sided;  stigmas  three,  short.  Drwpc,  by  abortion, 
1-seeded,  the  nut  oval  and  pointed. 

Trees  or  shrubs  mostly  of  Tropical  America,  with  alternate,  entire 
leaves,  and  short,  cylindric,  sheathing  stipules ;  flowers  herbaceous, 
in  racemes,  with  articulated  pedicels ;  the  fruit  resembling  grapes. 


SEA-SIDE   GRAPE, 

(RAISINIER  DE  MER.) 

CoccoLOBA  uviFERA.  Folus  cordato-suhrotundis  nitidis. — Linn.,  Willd., 
Sp.  pi.,  vol.  iii.  p.  457.     Lamarck,  Illust.,  t.  316,  fig.  2.    G^rt.,  t.  45. 

CoccoLOBA  foliis  subrotundis  intcgris  nitidis  planis,  raccmis  fruduum  cer- 
nais. — Jacq.,  Am.,  p.  112,  t.  73.     Mill,,  Diet,,  No.  1. 

CoccoLOBus  foliis  crassis  orbiculatis  sinu  apcrto. — Browne,  Jam.,  p,  208. 

PoLYGANUM  couU  arborco  fructibus  baccaiis. — Linn.,  Sp.  pi.,  ed.  1. 

JJyifera  foliis  subrotimdis,  amplissimis. — Linn.,  Ilort.  Cliftbrt.,  p.  487. 

Uvifera  litorea,  foliis  amj^Uoribus  fere  orbiculatis  crassis  Americana, 
— Pluken.,  Almag.,  p,  394,  t.  236,  fig.  7. 

*  The  name  is  derived  from  two  lireek  words,  alluding  to  the  lobing  of  the  kernel 
at  the  base. 

93 


04  S  E  A  -  S  I  D  E     G  R  A  r  E. 

Gii'ij'ihara  rarcmosa,  fullis  corkcds  sithrotimdis. — Plumier,  Ic,  t.  145. 
Pnmas  marUbna  raccmosa,  folio  si(hroiundo  glabro,  fructu  minore  jmr- 

^„«ro.— Sloane,  Jamaic,  p.  183.      Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  129,  t.  220,  f.  3. 

Catesby,  Carol.,  vol.  ii.  t.  96. 
J\>l»ih's  Amcrlrana  rolandifolia. — Bauhin's  Pinax.,  p.  430. 

TiiE  Sea-Side  Grape  forms  a  large  and  spreading  tree  along 
the  coasts  of  many  of  the  West  India  Islands,  and  on  the  shores 
of  the  extremity  of  East  Florida,  where  it  was  observed  at  Key 
West,  by  Dr.  Blodgett.  It  is  truly  remarkable  for  the  enormous 
size  of  its  almost  round  and  smooth,  strongly-veined  leaves, 
which  are  often  from  eight  to  ten  inches  in  diameter.  The 
trunk  attains  the  height  of  from  twenty-five  to  sixty  feet  by 
two  or  more  feet  in  diameter;  the  wood  is  heavy,  hard,  and 
valued  for  cabinet-work,  when  of  sufficient  size:  it  is  of  a  red 
or  violet  color,  and  by  boiling  communicates  the  same  fine  color 
to  the  Avater.  The  extract  of  the  wood,  or  of  the  very  astrin- 
gent seeds,  forms  one  of  the  kinds  of  hlno  employed  in  medicine. 
This  substance  is  of  a  very  dark  brown  color  with  a  resinous 
fracture.  According  to  Oviedo,  the  Spaniards,  when  in  want  of 
pen,  ink,  and  paper,  used  to  employ  the  wide  leaves  of  the 
Coccoloba,  writing  on  them  with  the  point  of  a  bodkin. 

Prom  its  maritime  predilection,  it  is  known  in  the  Bahamas 
by  the  name  of  the  MiiKjrove  GmpG  Tree.  The  fruit,  disposed 
ill  long  racemose  clusters,  is  composed  of  pear-shaped,  purple 
berries,  about  the  size  of  cherries;  they  have  a  refreshing, 
agreeal^le,  subacid  taste,  with  a  thin  pulp,  are  esteemed  whole- 
some, and  brought  to  the  table  as  a  dessert,  for  which  they  are 
in  considerable  demand;  but  if  the  stone  be  kept  long  in  the 
iiioiilh  it  becomes  very  astringent  to  the  taste. 

The  branches  are  smooth  and  gray,  but  in  old  trunks  the  bark 
is  ron-li  and  full  of  clefts.  The  leaves  are  dilated,  round,  and 
oMiisc,  with  a  narrow  sinns  at  the  base,  and  upon  very  short 
p'tiolcs.  The  racemes,  of  greenish-white  polygamous  llowers, 
arc    .SIX    to    twelve    inches    long,    articulated    upon   very  short 


I'l.  hXXKTL 


Coccoloba  pnrvifolia. 

Small  IturfxL  Sen  Sidr  Orapc  Baisirut/-  a /Jt/i/ey  /l'//i//i,-.-. 


SMALL-LEAVED     SEA-SIDE     GRATE.  9") 

peduncles,  and  grow  by  clusters,  at  first  erect,  but  in  fruit  pen- 
dulous. The  nut  has  a  thin  shell,  half  three-celled  at  the  base, 
with  narrow  membranous  dissepiments.  Seed  somewhat  glo- 
bular, acute,  deeply  umbilicated  at  base,  brown  and  irregularly 
striated.  There  is  sometimes  an  appearance  of  gummy  exuda- 
tion on  the  surface  of  the  leaves,  having  an  astringent  taste  like 
that  of  the  extract. 

PLATE   LXXXVIII. 

A  iwig  of  tliC  natural  size.    a.  The  male  flowers,     b.  The  flower,    e.  TJie 

raceme  of  fruit. 


SMALL-LEAVED    SEA-SIDE   GRAPE. 

CoccoLOBA   *PARViFOLiA.      Dioicci,  foliis   ohloiujo-lanceolatis  ovalibt/sque, 

racemis  erectis,floribus  octandris. 
/9  OVALIFOLIA.     Foliis  ovciUbus  utrinque  obtusis. 
CoccoLOBA  obtusifolia? — Jacquin,  Am.,  p.  114,  t.  74. 

This  species,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  who  found  it  growing 
on  Key  West,  is  a  dioecious  tree  attaining  the  height  of  forty 
feet.  It  appears  to  have  a  near  affinity  to  C.  ohtusifoJla  of 
Carthagena,  at  least  our  variety  /3;  and  there  is  a  very  similar 
species  also  indigenous  to  St.  Domingo,  according  to  the  Her- 
barium of  Poiteau.  It  appears  very  near  to  the  '■'■Pigeon  Plum' 
of  Catesby,  plate  94,  which,  like  the  present,  becomes  a  large 
tree,  bearing  a  pleasantr-tasted  berry;  its  wood  is  hard  and 
durable,  and  it  affects  rocky  situations. 

In  this  tree  the  branchlets  are  numerous,  short,  and  covered 
with  a  light-gray  bark.  The  leaves,  smooth  and  even,  situated 
at  the  extremities  of  the  branchlets,  are  oblong-lanceolate,  about 
three  inches  lonji'  and  a  little  more  than  an  inch  in  width,  rather 


on         S.M  ALL-LEAVED     SEA-SIDE     GRAPE. 

ac-iito  at  cither  end.  Raceme  of  the  fertile  pLa,iit  three  to  four 
iiu-hcs  lonpr,  the  flowers  solitary,  with  the  lobes  of  the  calyx 
whitish.  Ill  the  infertile  plant  the  racemes  are  longer,  and  the 
flowers  smaller,  and  clustered  along  the  stalk  of  the  raceme  by 
tliree  or  four  together. 

In  the  variety  /3  ovafoUa,  the  leaves  are  sometimes  nearly  as 
broad  as  long,  rounded  at  each  end,  and  sometimes  slightly 
sinuated  at  the  base. 

This  species  appears  to  be  also  nearly  allied  to  C.  virens  of  the 
"Botanical  Register,"  plate  1816;  but  in  that  the  flowers  are 
decandrous  and  the  racemes  nodding. 

PLATE  LXXXIX. 

A  hraiwh  of  tlic.  fertile  'plant  of  the  natural  size.     a.  A  tirig  of  the  male 
plant,     b.  The  ynale  flower. 


PIX(\ 


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Arhrns  ZMj)o1illa . 

.S'liNiJl    SdiiOiliJliL  ^'niK'/tUii/-  (iiiiunu-n.. 


SAPOTA    PLUM. 

(Sapotier,  Fr.) 


Natural    Order,    Sapote^,    (Jussieu.)     Linna^an    Classification, 
Hexandria,  Monogtnia. 

ACIIRAS.*     (Linn.) 

Calyx  5  or  6  to  8-parted ;  the  divisions  ovate,  concave,  and  incum- 
bent. Corolla  tlie  length  of  the  calyx,  G-cleft,  with  the  same 
number  of  parapetalous,  alternate  scales  within  and  attached  to 
the  corolla.  Stamina  four  to  six;  anthers  adnate,  ovate,  with  the 
two  cells  parallel.  Style  subulate,  exserted.  Berry  with  eight  to 
twelve  cells,  the  cells  1-seeded,  and  with  many  of  the  cells  often 
abortive.  Seed  with  a  marginal  hylum,  and  narrowed  at  the  apex ; 
embryo  erect,  without  albumen,  cotyledons  fleshy. 

Lactescent  trees  of  Tropical  America  and  Lidia,  with  alternate, 
entire,  coriaceous  leaves  without  stipules ;  flowers  axillary,  and  with 
tne  leaves  aggregated  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches. 


SAPOTILLA, 

OR 

NASEBERRY  BULLY  TREE. 

AcHRAS  ZAPOTILLA.     Florihus  aycjreyails,  foUis  eWptlcls  vlrinqiic  obtusls, 
jioribiis  hcxandris. 

*  The  Greek  name  of  the  wild  pear. 
Vol.  v.— 7  97 


98  SAPOTILLA. 

AciiRAS  SAPOTA.  [i  [Zupotlll'i)  hrarhkitus  diffi/sus,  fmcta  suhroiundo, 
nra/nn/ht  nwrroiic  ^/v-r/or/.— Browne,  Jamaic,  vol.  ii.  p.  200. 

Anoxa  ma.runa,  fuliis  laurinis  glahris  virldi-fuscis,  fructii  mimmo. — 
Sloane,  Jam.,  206;  Hist,  vol.  ii.  p.  172,  tab.  169,  £  2.  Ray, 
Dciulr.,  \).  Ti».     Catesby's  Carol.,  vol.  ii.  p.  87,  t.  67. 

S(tjiu/afri/rlii  larh'oudo  muiori. — Plumibr,  Gener.,  p.  43. 

fi  *parvif()LIa/o//«;.s  cWpticis  hrcmbus  idrinqac  obiusis  suhmargiaatis^fraG- 
tibas  iiiajorlbas. 

The  small  islands,  or  keys  as  they  are  called,  at  the  southern 
extremity  of  East  Florida,  afFord,  in  this  tree,  one  of  the  fine 
fruits  of  Tropical  America,  indigenous  also  to  Jamaica,  St.  Do- 
mingo, the  Straits  of  Panama,  and  some  other  of  the  warmer 
parts  of  the  continent  of  South  America. 

According  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  it  is  common  on  Key  West,  where 
it  becomes  a  tree  of  thirty  feet  in  height,  bearing  an  agreeable, 
wholesome  fruit,  about  the  size  of  a  pigeon's  egg,  which  is 
larger  than  the  small  naseberry  plum  of  Jamaica.  When  the 
fruit  is  green  or  first  gathered,  it  is  hard  and  filled  with 
a  milky  or  white  juice  as  adhesive  as  glue;  but,  after  being 
gathered  two  or  three  days,  it  grows  soft  and  juicy :  the  juice, 
being  then  clear  as  spring-water,  is  very  sweet. 

The  fruit  of  the  true  Sapota  is  said  to  be  round,  bigger  than 
a  (piiiice,  and  covered  with  a  brownish,  more  or  less  grooved 
skin;  before  maturity  the  flesh  is  greenish,  milky,  and  of  a 
very  austere,  disagreeable  taste,  like  our  unripe  medlar,  and 
lien(.'e  the  Spanish  name  of  Naseberry ;  but  when  ripe  it  is 
i-eddish  l)rown  without,  bright  yellow  within,  well  scented,  of 
a  very  tlclicious  taste,  and  quite  refreshing.  Jacquin  even  pre- 
fc!  red  it  to  the  pineapple.  Like  all  cultivated  fruits,  the  sapo- 
tilla  is  ,<u I ))('(•  t  to  a  variety  of  forms,  some  being  oblong  and 
ovoid,  pear-shaped  or  round,  others  with  the  summit  pointed 
and  (lie  base  enlarged.  According  to  Tussac,  there  is  scarcely 
any  fniil  in  tlic  West  Indies  more  esteemed,  and  it  is  there 
carcluiU  (.•uUixatc'd. 


SAPOTILLA.  00 

In  Jamaica,  the  Naseberry  Bully  Tree  is  one  of  the  largest 
in  the  mountain  forest,  growing  forty  or  fifty  feet  high,  with  a 
trunk  as  large  as  an  Oak,  and  is  esteemed  as  one  of  the  Ijest 
and  strongest  timber  trees  in  the  island.  It  bears  a  round  fruit 
about  the  bulk  of  a  nutmeg,  rough  externally,  like  a  Russetting 
apple,  and  of  the  same  color. 

The  summit  of  the  Florida  Sapotilla  is  spreading,  and  the 
branches  covered  with  a  light-gray  bark.  The  leaves  are 
clustered  toward  the  summits  of  the  twigs,  and  are  about  two 
inches  long  by  an  inch  wide,  elliptic,  obtuse  at  each  end,  and 
often  emarginate,  with  ferruginously-pubescent  petioles  an  inch 
in  length.  The  peduncles  are  about  the  same  length,  or  a  little 
longer,  drooping,  and  aggregated  by  two  or  three  together  in 
the  axils  of  the  leaves.  The  calyx  is  brown,  silky,  and  always 
closed,  with  three  of  the  segments  external.  The  corolla  is 
cream-colored,  and  of  the  same  length  with  the  calyx. 

The  bark  of  the  Sapota  is  very  astringent  and  febrifugal, 
and  was  once  supposed  to  be  the  true  Jesuits'  bark.  The 
seeds  of  this  plant  are  powerfully  aperient  and  diuretic.  The 
resin  also,  which  its  milky  sap  affords,  is  possessed  of  medical 
properties,  and,  when  burnt,  diffuses  an  odor  of  incense. 

There  appear  to  be  two  varieties  of  this  tree  at  Key  West, 
the  one  now  figured,  which  we  have  called  /3  ixirvifolia,  and 
another  with  larger  leaves,  apparently  identical  with  specimens 
collected  by  Poiteau  in  St.  Domingo,  and  which  he  had  marked 
Acliras  Sapota. 

PLATE  XC. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  fruit,  soincivhat  reduced. 


SOUTHERN   IRON-WOOD. 

(L'Argax,  Fr.) 


Ntitiiral    Order,   SapotetE,    (Jussieu.)       Linncean    Classification, 
Pentandria,  Monogynia. 

BUMELIA.*     (SwARTZ.) 

Calyx  5-cleft,  persistent.  Corolla  rotate,  5-parted,  internally  with  the 
same  nnmber  of  toothed  or  trifid  in-curved  petaloid  scales.  Stamens 
five  or  ten,  on  short  filaments  arising  from  the  base  of  the  tube 
of  the  corolla.  Ovanj  superior,  rounded.  SUjle  short,  stigma 
simple  and  obtuse.  Driq^e  small  and  round,  mostly  containing 
one  seed. 

Shining  or  smooth  trees,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  chiefly 
niitives  of  the  tropical  parts  of  America  or  the  warmer  parts  of 
the  United  States.  Flowers  small,  in  close  axillary  round  corymbs 
or  clusters.     The  wood  generally  hard  and  fetid. 

*  A  name  given  by  the  Greeks  to  the  European  Ash,  and  arbitrarily  applied 
to  this  genus  by  Swartz. 


lUU 


ri  xci. 


Bumt'lia  lycioides. 

S/iiooth   Uatnfii  BujnfUt.  Supoh'-Uu'r  a  /'eail/t's  lU- /,u'i\r 


f  Leaves  Deciduous. 

SMOOTH-LEAVED   BUMELIA, 


OR 


IRON-WOOD. 

BuMELiA  LYCioiDES.     Sjmiosa  crcda;  folds  oldovgo-lanceolatis  hasi  aitcnit- 

aiis  dcmum  glabris,  j)ccUmcul'is  calycibusque  glabris. 
BuMELiA  lycioides. — PuRsn,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  155.      Elliott, 

Sketches,  vol.  i.  p.  287.     Persoon,  Synops.,  vol.  i.  p.  237. 
SiDEROXYLON  lycioides. — ^Linn.,  Sp.  pi.     Duiiamel,  Arb.,  vol.  ii.  p.  2ti0, 

t.  68.     Mien.,  Flor.  Bor  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  122. 
SiDEROXYLON  l(Bvc. — Walter,  Floi*.  Ciirol.,  p.  100. 
Lycioides. — Linx.,  Ilortus  Cliffort.,  p.  488. 

A  SMALL  and  rather  elegant  tree,  from  twelve  to  forty  feet 
high,  chiefly  an  inhabitant  of  low  wet  forests,  from  Carolina  to 
Florida,  and  in  Louisiana,  not  far  from  the  banks  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi; but  it  is  never  met  with  in  Canada,  as  stated  by  Will- 
denow  in  the  "Species  Plantarum."  It  was  first  introduced 
into  France  from  the  Mississippi,  by  the  French  Canadians, 
under  the  name  of  the  Milk-wood  of  the  Mississippi,  from  the  fact 
that  the  young  branches,  when  cut,  yield  a  milky  juice.  The 
wood,  according  to  Elliott,  though  not  used  by  mechanics,  is 
extremely  hard,  heavy,  and  irregularly  grained,  agreeing  in  this 
respect  pretty  nearly  with  the  species  of  SuLeroxyloa  of  the  West 
Indies,  deriving  their  name  from  the  hardness  of  their  wood, 
which  is  compared  to  iron.  One  of  the  tropical  species  has 
wood  nearly  of  the  same  yellow  color  and  close  grain  as  that  of 
the  Box  Tree. 

The  younger  infertile  branches  generally  produce  axillary 
spines,  which  often  increase  in  size  with  the  advancing  growth 
of  the  wood.  The  bark  of  the  trunk  is  gray  and  smooth,  at 
length    cloven    into  narrow  longitudinal    chinks;    that  of  the 

101 


102  OBLONG -LEAVED     B  U  M  E  L  I  A. 

branches  is  brownish  gray  and  smooth.  The  leaves,  at  first 
somewhat  silky-pubescent  and  whitish  beneath,  are  rather 
narrow  and  lanceolate,  somewhat  obtuse,  smooth  and  reticulated 
above,  attenuated  below  into  a  moderate  and  slender  petiole, 
brought  together  usually  in  lateral  clusters ;  in  the  centre 
of  which,  surrounded  by  the  round  clusters  of  flowers,  issues 
occasionally  a  spine.  The  leaves,  at  length  smooth,  are  about 
three  inches  long  including  the  petiole,  and  an  inch  or  less  in 
width.  The  flowers,  small  and  greenish,  are  in  axillary  or 
lateral  rounded  clusters;  the  peduncles  simple,  all  of  a  length, 
and,  as  well  as  the  calyx,  quite  smooth.  The  stamens  are  five 
in  number,  and  about  the  length  of  the  corolla.  The  leaves  on 
the  infertile  branches  are  more  decidedly  lanceolate  than  the 
rest.  The  berries  are  oval,  juicy,  black  when  ripe,  and  about 
the  size  of  small  peas.  A  tree  now  in  Bartram's  Botanic 
Garden,  at  Kingsessing,  in  rather  an  unfavorable  shady  situa- 
tion, probably  forty  years  old  or  more,  has  attained  the  height 
of  about  forty  feet,  but,  being  slender,  is  not  more  than  eight 
inches  in  diameter;  it  appears,  however,  as  though  it  might 
attain  a  «till  larger  growth,  and  is  perfectly  hardy  in  this 
climate. 

PLATE  XCL 

y1  l>r<iiic]i(if  Uic  nalMval  size.     a.  A  duster  of  berries,     h.  The  jloa-er. 


OBLOXG-LEAVED    BDMELIA. 

15i.mi;ma  (>i;lon(jifolia.  Spinosa  erccta,  foliis  hmceoletfo-oblow/is  ohlusis 
hiisi  (lilt  iniiilis  si/lj/ifs  7)iol/iler  pilosis,  pedunculis  brcvissiniis  calycibusquc 
riUusis. — NuTT.,  (jon.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  185. 

This  species,  which  becomes  a  tree  eighteen  or  twenty  feet  in 
liciglit,  is  by  Car  the  most  hardy  of  the  genus,  being  indigenous 


RUSTY-LEAVED     B  U  M  E  L  I  A.  10:^ 

about  the  lead-mines  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis,  where  the 
thermometer  falls  at  times  below  zero.  It  is  also  not  uncommon 
in  Arkansas,  in  the  shady  alluvial  forests  of  that  stream,  and  it 
is  met  with  on  the  borders  of  the  Mississippi  as  far  down  as 
Natchez.  It  was  first  noticed  botanically  by  my  late  friend,  Mr. 
John  Bradbury,  F.L.S. 

The  bark  is  rough  and  gray,  and  the  wood  very  hard,  tough, 
and  fetid, — indeed,  so  much  so,  that  it  would  probably  drive  away 
insects  from  chests  made  of  its  wood.  In  its  natural  haiiuard 
state,  near  the  lead-mines,  it  is  an  ungraceful  tree  with  numerous 
tortuous  and  fiexuous  branches.  The  young  branehlets,  as  well 
as  the  petioles,  are  clothed  with  soft  brownish-gray  hairs.  The 
leaves  somewhat  resemble  those  of  B.  lyciokles,  but  they  are 
larger,  being  three  to  four  inches  long  by  one  to  one  and  a  half 
wide,  and  more  or  less  hairy  beneath,  even  when  adult.  The 
flowering  clusters  are  dense,  the  flowers  numerous,  on  hairy 
peduncles  scarcely  longer  than  the  ferruginously-villous  calyx, 
the  segments  of  which  are  ovate  and  concave.  The  inner  scales, 
nearly  equal  with  the  corolla,  are  connivent  and  trifid,  situated 
opposite  to  the  stamens.  Drupe  fleshy,  purple,  at  length  black- 
ish brown. 


RUSTY-LEAVED   BUMELIA. 

BuMELiA  FERRUGINEA.  Inciiuis,  foliis  ohovcitis  jrubcsccn(ibus  obtusls  sublas 
ferrugineo-tomeniosis,  corymbis  multlfloris,  calycibus  indunculisque  rufo 
lanaiis,  floribus  jyentandris. 

Of  this  apparently  very  distinct  species  of  Iron-wood,  I  know 
nothing  more  than  the  single  imperfect  specimen  collected  by 
Mr.  Ware  in  East  Florida.  The  leaves  in  the  spineless  infertile 
branch  are  unusually  wide,  being  one  and  a  half  inches  by  two 


104  SILKY-LEAVED    B  U  M  E  L  I  A. 

and  a  half  inches  in  length:  those  on  the  flowering  branch, 
however,  are  much  smaller.  It  is  quite  remarkable  for  the 
dense  ferruginous  pubescence  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves, 
3oung  branches,  and  calyx.  Its  nearest  affinity  is  at  the  same 
time  to  the  preceding  species. 


SILKY-LEAVED    BUMELIA. 

BuMELiA  TENAX.     ErccM,  rctmis  junioribiis  spmosis,  foliis  mncato-lan  ■ 

ceolatis  'plenunque  obUisis,  suhtus  sericeo-niieniibus,  subaureis,  cali/cibus 

viUosis. 
BuMELiA  fcnax. — Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  i.  p.  1085.      Persoon,  Synops., 

vol.  i.  p.  237.  Elliott,  Sketch.,  vol,  i.  p.  288.   Loudon,  Eucyc.  Plants, 

p.  149,  t.  2394. 
BuMELiA  chrysophjlloides. — Pursh,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  155. 
SiDEROXYLON  kncix. — Linn.,  Mant.,  p.  48.     Jacquin,  Collect.,  vol.  ii. 

p.  252. 
SiDEROXYLON  chry sophylloides . — Mien.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  128. 
SiDEROXYLON  scriccwn. — AValter,  Carol.,  p.  100. 
CuRYSOPHYLLUM  Carolbieiise. — Jacq.,  Observ.,  vol.  iii.  p.  3,  t.  54. 

This  very  elegant-leaved  species  becomes  occasionally  a  tree 
twenty  to  thirty  feet  high,  with  hard,  tough  wood,  and  the  trunk 
clothed  with  a  light-gray  bark.  The  young  branches  are  slender, 
straight,  flexible,  and,  as  in  all  the  species  of  the  genus  inhabit- 
ing the  United  States,  very  difficult  to  break:  hence  the  specific 
name  of  the  present,  {fcnax.)  The  leaves  are  much  smaller  than 
in  any  of  the  preceding  species;  smooth  above,  beneath  silky  and 
shining,  with  the  down  usually  of  a  pale-golden  or  ferruginous 
color;  adding  a  peculiar  elegance  and  splendor  to  the  foliage, 
ncaily  e(iual  to  that  of  the  true  ClinjsopJujUum,  or  Golden-Leaf 
ui'  the  West  Indies.     The  flowers  and  leaves,  as  usual,  are  both 


nxrn 


WOOLLY-LEAVED     B  U  M  E  L  I  A.  105 

clustered  at  the  extremities  of  the  projecting  buds  of  the  former 
season;  but  the  older  fertile  branches  do  not  appear  to  produce 
any  thorns.  The  peduncles  of  the  sessile  corymbs  are  very 
long,  and,  as  well  as  the  calyx,  clothed  with  ferruginous  down. 
According  to  Willdenow,  the  drupes  are  oval.  Inner  corolla  or 
nectarium  five-parted  as  the  corolla,  but  with  the  divisions  trifid, 
and  the  middle  segment  longest. 

This  species  affects  dry,  sandy  soils,  and  is  met  with,  not 
uncommonly,  from  the  sea-coast  of  South  Carolina  to  East 
Florida.  Bosc  remarks  that  at  the  approach  of  evening  the 
flowers  give  out  an  agreeable  odor.  In  the  Bartram  Garden, 
there  is  a  tree  of  this  species,  less  silky  than  usual,  which  is 
perfectly  hardy. 

PLATE   XCIL 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  flower,     b.  The  berry 


WOOLLY-LEAVED    BUMELIA. 

BuMELiA  LANUGINOSA,  spbiosa ;  i^arnuUs paienlissimis,  2'>i(beseentib>is  ;  foJtis 

cuneaio-lcmccolatis   obiusis ;    svbius   laimginosis  ferriigineis   nee   sericcis 

calycibus  glabris  basi  pilosiuscuUs. 
BuMELiA  lanuginosa. — Persoon,  Synops.,  i.  p.  237.  Purse,  Flor.  i.  p.  155. 
SiDEROXYLON  LANUGiNOSUM,  spinosuni ;  ramuUs  paieiiiissimis,  pubescenti- 

biis  ;  foliis  ovali-lanceolatis,  supra  glabris,  subius  lanuginosis  nee  sericeis. 

— Mich.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  122. 

This  is  a  smaller  tree  than  the  preceding,  affecting  the  same 
situations, — bushy  swamps  on  light  soils, — and  is  met  with  in 
Georgia  and  the  lower  part  of  Alabama.  The  leaves  are  small, 
as  in  the  preceding  species,  but  covered  beneath  with  a  dull- 
brown  wool,  not  very  thick,  nor  in  the  least  shining;  their  form 


106  LARGE-FRUITED     BUMELIA. 

is  cuiu'ate-obloug,  or  sublanceolate  and  obtuse,  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  long  and  a  little  more  than  half  an  inch  wide,  on 
short  petioles  like  all  the  rest  of  our  species.  The  flowers  are 
also  much  smaller,  and  the  calyx  nearly  smooth.  In  this 
species  likewise  the  spines  are  stout,  sharp,  and  persistent.  Its 
real  aflinity  is  to  B.  lydoldes,  but  it  is  in  all  parts  much  smaller. 


LARGE-FRUITED  BUMELIA. 

Bu.MELiA  MACROCAiirA.  Dcpvcssa,  ramis  gracilibus  valde  sjmiosis,  spinis 
dougatis  ienuibus  subrccurvis,  foliis  jparvuUs  cuncato-lanccolatis  obtusis 
jinuoribiis  Idiwginosis,  dcmum  subglabris  concoloribus ;  drupa  maximc 
ovali. 

Tjiis  very  low  bushy  species,  allied  to  B.  redinata,  I  give 
(though  from  very  imperfect  specimens)  to  complete  the  history 
of  our  species  of  the  genus.  The  twigs  are  very  slender,  at  first 
pubescent,  covered  with  a  gray  bark,  and  with  the  spines  long 
and  slender  as  needles.  The  leaves,  before  expansion,  are  ex- 
ceedingly lanuginous,  and  always  small,  with  very  short  petioles, 
at  length  nearly  smooth.  The  fruit  is  edible,  and  as  large  as  a 
small  date !  I  found  this  species  on  the  sandy  hills  not  far  from 
the  Altanuiha,  in  Georgia,  in  winter,  and  therefore  do  not  know 
the  llower.  It  does  not  grow  more  than  a  foot  high,  and  the 
leaves  are  little  more  than  half  an  inch  long. 


"]~j"  Leaves  seinperclrent. 

NARROW-LEAVED    BUMELIA. 

r>i!.MKMA  AMiUSTii'uLiA.      (r'/dbra  si)//(()s(i^  foUis  Ilinarl-ubluiKjls  obttisis, 
ibivibas  (ii/(jri(/i((is  (/hibius,  dn'pd  vbhinja  utnbilicaki. 


rixrnr. 


N  A  R  R  0  W  -  L  E  A  V  E  D     P,  U  M  E  L  I  A.  107 

This  tree,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  is  common  at  Key  West, 
where  it  attains  the  height  of  forty  feet.  Tlie  wood  is  probably 
equally  hard  with  that  of  the  other  species  of  the  genus.  The 
branches  before  us  are  more  or  less  spiny,  and  covered  with  a 
brown  but  externally  silvery-gray  bark.  The  leaves,  unusually 
small  and  narrow,  come  out  in  clusters  from  the  centre  of  pre- 
ceding buds;  they  are  very  smooth,  apparently  evergreen  and 
coriaceous,  linear-oblong  and  obtuse,  attenuated  into  a  sort  of 
false  petiole,  and  are  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long  by  aJjout 
three  lines  wide.  The  peduncles  are  aggregated,  rather  short, 
and,  as  well  as  the  calyx,  smooth.  Segments  of  the  calyx  ovate, 
the  two  outer  smaller.  Corolla  yellowish  white,  not  longer  than 
the  calyx. 

The  berry,  about  the  size  and  form  of  that  of  the  Barberr}-, 
is  purplish  black,  and  covered  with  a  bloom,  oblong-ellij^tic,  by 
abortion  one-seeded,  the  three  or  four  other  ovules  stifled,  and 
the  one  large,  cartilaginous  seed  filling  up  the  whole  cavity;  the 
berry  is  umbilicated  at  the  apex,  and  terminated  with  the  per- 
sistent, subulate,  slender  style ;  the  pulp  is  wax}^,  milky  probaljly 
before  ripe,  as  in  the  Sapotilla.  The  seed  is  large,  cylindric- 
oblong,  pale,  testaceous,  hard,  and  very  shining,  with  an  internal 
longitudinal  suture,  bright  brown  at  the  tip  of  the  base,  with  a 
conspicuous  lateral  basal  cicatrice. 

This  species  has  a  considerable  affinity  with  Sklerodcylon  spino- 
snm  of  Linna?us,  a  native  of  India  and  Africa,  the  berries  of 
which  are  acidulous,  and  agreeable  to  eat. 

PLATE    XCIII. 

A  branch  of  ihc  natural  size,  in  flower,     a.  A  branch  u'llji  ripe  berries. 


FETID   BUMELIA. 

Bu.MKLiA  FfETiDissiMA.     Foli'ts  lanccolato-ohlovgis  ohtusis  subcmarginatis, 

jmhmcuUs  coiifcrtis  axillarihus. — AYilld.,  Sp.  plant.,  vol.  ii.  p.  1086. 

Persoon,  Synops.,  vol.  i.  p.  237. 
SiDEROXYLON  FCETiDissiMUM.     Incvme,  folUs  suboppositis,  Jioribus  jxitcii- 

tlssimis. — Linn.,  Mantis,  p.  49.     Jacq.,  Am.,  p.  55.     Lam.,  Diet., 

vol.  i.  p.  247. 

Tins  is  aiiotlier  species,  becoming  a  large  tree,  equally  indi- 
genous to  Key  West  and  the  island  of  St.  Domingo,  and  was 
found  by  the  same  person  with  the  former.  Poiteau  met  with 
it  in  the  mountainous  woods  of  Hayti,  and  it  was  in  flower  in 
October.  It  is  said  neither  to  be  spiny  nor  milky-juiced,  and  it 
bears  a  round  berry  almost  as  large  as  a  cherry. 

In  this  species  the  leaves  are  very  smooth  and  large,  disposed 
chiefly  at  the  extremities  of  the  branches ;  they  are  nearly  elliptic 
and  obtuse,  somewhat  waved  on  the  margin,  on  petioles  nearly 
an  inch  in  length,  and  of  a  thinnish  consistence,  yet  somewhat 
coriaceous;  they  are  three  to  three  and  a  half  inches  long,  and 
from  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  wide.  The  flowers  are  nume- 
rous {uid  in  dense  clusters,  produced,  apparently,  in  the  axils  of 
preceding  leaves,  and  therefore  appear  wholly  lateral  The  calj'x 
is  almost  entirely  smooth,  with  oval  segments;  the  corolla  very 
spreading,  yellowish  white,  with  five  stamens.  The  stigma,  very 
(lilloreut  from  that  of  the  preceding  species,  is  wholly  sessile  on 
tin'  su  I  limit  of  the  olslong  germ,  and  is  membranous  and  concave. 
'I' he  liciry,  ap])ar('ntly  yellow,  is  by  a])ortion  only  one-seeded. 
Tlic  specimens  collected  in  St.  Domingo,  ])y  Poiteau,  are  marked 
SiiiiKira,  ])r()ba])ly  from  the  very  peculiar,  almost  cup-shaped 
stigma,  and  spherical  IVuit.  It  seems  to  be  nearly  allied  to  jSidcr- 
n.r///(ij/  liK'tilmii  (Solander)  as  described  by  Lamarck,  Diet.,  vol.  i. 
p.  -!IG.      It  is  also  nearly  allied,  apparently,  to  B.ixiirtda. 

PLATE  XCIV. 

A  hniiicli  of  (he  naltirdl  ^^izc. 
los 


Pi.  YXW. 


Buiaelia  foefidissima . 

Foetid  BumtlioL  SapoUl/xrrtrfJrfOi^. 


Pl.XCV. 


Arl)utuS   Menziesii. 


STRAWBERRY    TREE. 

(Arbousier,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  EriceyE,  (R.  Brown.)     Tribe  Arbute.e,  (Decaiul.) 
Lin7icean  Classification,  Decandria,  Monogynia. 

ARBUTUS.*     (Gamer.    Tournefort.) 

Calyx  inferior,  5-parted.  The  corolla  globosely  or  ovatcly  campanii- 
late ;  the  narrow  border  5-cleft  and  reflected.  Stamens  ten,  in- 
cluded. Anthers  compressed  at  the  sides,  opening  by  two  terminal 
pores,  attached  below  the  summit  where  they  produce  two  reflected 
awns.  Ovarium,  seated  upon  or  half  immersed  in  a  lij'pogynous 
disk,  5-celled,  cells  many-seeded.  Sti/le  one  ;  stigma  obtuse.  Berru 
nearly  globular,  rough,  with  granular  tubercles. 

Large  or  small  trees  of  the  South  of  Europe,  the  Levant,  Mexico, 
and  Oregon.  The  leaves  alternate  and  sempervircnt ;  racemes  axil- 
lary or  terminal  and  paniculate.  Flowers  pedicellate,  provided  witli 
bractes ;  the  corolla  white  or  reddish. 


MENZIES'S   STRAWBERRY  TREE. 

Arbutus  Menziesii.     Arborea,fotiis  clUpticis  acutis  subscrratls  longc  pc/io- 

latis  glabris,  racemis  paniculatis  densifloris  axillaribus  iernwialib usque. 
Arbutus  Menziesii. — Pursii,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  282. 
Arbutus  laurifolia? — Linn.,  Suppl.,  238. 
Arbutus  procera. — Douglas,  Bot.  Reg.,  tab.  1573. 

*  Aa  ancient  name  for  the  Arbutus  Unrdo. 

lU'J 


110  MENZIES'S     STRAWBERRY     TREE. 

This  is  rather  a  common  siDecies  on  the  banks  of  the  Oregon 
and  the  Wahlamet,  below  Fort  Vancouver,  in  rocky  pLaces, 
where  it  becomes  a  tree  thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  with  a  smooth 
and  even  light-brown  trunk,  from  which  the  old  bark  exfoliates, 
so  that  it  appears  as  if  it  were  stripped  nearly  down  to  the 
liviu"-  surface.  The  top  is  somewhat  pyramidal  and  spreading. 
The  leaves,  resembling  those  of  the  laurel,  are  thick,  and  of 
a  rigid  consistence,  crowded  toward  the  extremities  of  the 
branches;  they  are  chiefly  elliptic  and  mostly  entire,  though 
on  the  young  shoots  sharply  serrate.  The  flowers  are  very 
abundant,  in  dense  pyramidal  panicles,  made  up  chiefly  below 
of  axillary,  sessile  racemes ;  they  are  nearly  globular  and  yel- 
lowish white ;  these  are  at  length  succeeded,  about  August,  by 
fine,  showy  clusters  of  orange-yellow  berries,  Avhich  are  rather 
dry,  and  coated  with  a  thin  layer  of  granular,  tubercular  pulp. 

This  species  appears  to  be  very  closely  allied  to  A.  Andrachne 
of  the  Levant,  and  I  suspect  it  is  not  sufficiently  distinct  from 
A.  laiirifoJia  of  Linno3us.  At  any  rate,  there  is  certainly  but 
one  arborescent  species  of  the  genus  in  the  Oregon  Territory. 
The  young  leaves  are,  in  fact,  as  described,  sharply  serrate,  and 
the  older  leaves  likewise  vary  in  this  respect,  some  being  wdiolly 
entire  or  nearly  so,  and  others  distinctly  serrulate. 

We  found  the  wood  to  be  white,  hard,  and  brittle,  and  of  no 
economical  value  except  as  indifferent  fuel.  Its  diameter  was 
usually  from  one  to  two  feet.  The  pulp  of  the  fruit  is  some- 
what aromatic,  but  wholly  inedible.  The  cells  only  about  two- 
seeded,  the  seed,  rather  large  and  angular,  chiefly  filled  with  a 
ileshy  albumen. 

All  the  species  of  the  genus  are  highly  ornamental,  and  par- 
ticuhu'l}'  the  Strawberry  Tree  (^4.  Unedo)  of  South  Europe, 
wliich  covers  whole  mountains  in  the  kingdom  of  Leon  in 
Spain.  The  peasants  and  their  children  eat  the  fruit,  though 
not  \'(M'y  agreealjle  and  somewhat  narcotic  when  taken  in  large 
(|iiantiti«'s.     The  leaves,  in  some  parts  of  Greece,  are  employed 


TREE     WHORTLEBERRY.  Ill 

for  tanning  leather,  and  arc  also  used  as  an  astringent  remedy 
in  medicine.  In  the  island  of  Corsica,  an  agreeable  Avine  is 
said  to  be  prepared  from  the  berries  of  the  A.  Unedo;  and  in 
Spain,  both  a  sugar  and  a  spirit  are  obtained  from  them. 

PLATE  XCV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  berries. 


Sorrel  Tree,  [Andromeda  arhorea.)  A  tree  of  this  species, 
now  growing  at  the  Bartram  Garden,  is  more  than  sixty  feet 
high,  with  a  circumference  of  four  feet. 


TREE  WHORTLEBERRY. 

Batodendron  arboreum. — iTuTT.,  in  Phil.  Trans.,  Phila.,  vol.  viii. 
Vaccinum   arboreum. — Marshall,  p.  157.     Mich.,  Flor.  Bor.   Am., 

vol.  i.  p.  230.     PuRSH,  Flora,  vol.  i.  p.  285.     Elliott,  Sk.,  vol.  i. 

p.  495. 
Vaccinum  diffusum. — Aitox.,  Ilort.  Kew.,  vol.  ii.  p.  11. 

This  species,  commencing  to  appear  on  the  dry  margins  of 
swamps  in  North  Carolina,  and  extending  to  Florida  and  Ar- 
kansas, becomes  a  tree  of  ten  to  twenty  feet  in  height,  with  an 
irregular  round  top,  and  sending  out  many  long,  straight  suckers 
from  the  root.  The  leaves  are  nearly  evergreen,  oboval,  or 
almost  round,  smooth  and  shining.  The  racemes  arise  from  the 
old  wood,  Avith  the  flowers  white,  tinged  with  red,  and  angular. 
The  berries  are  round,  smooth,  black,  nearly  dry,  and  astrin- 
gent, filled  with  a  granular  pul^)  almost  like  sawdust;  yet  the 
taste  is  pleasantly  subacid. 


112  MOUNTAIN    LAUREL. 

The  bark  of  the  root  is  astringent,  and  is  sometimes  given  in 
decoction  as  a  remedy  for  chronic  dysentery  and  diarrhoea. 
The  dried  fruit  is  equally  efficacious  and  more  agreeable  to  the 

palate. (Elliott.)     We   have   not    sufficient   materials   for   a 

fiuure  of  this  curious  tree. 


Mountain  Laurel  [Rhododendrum  maximum)  "is  found  at 
Medfield  and  Attleborougli  in  Massachusetts,  and  also,  I 
believe,  near  Portland  in  Maine." — (G.  B.  Emerson.)  I  am 
unable  to  decide  whether  this  interesting  plant  is  found  as 
for  north  as  the  State  of  Maine,  though  it  is  not  improbable. 
On  the  high  banks  of  the  Delaware  near  Bordentown,  we  meet 
with  natural  clumps  of  this  shrub,  which  in  Pennsylvania  is 
scarcely  found  nearer  than  the  first  chain  of  the  Alleghany 
Mountains. 

Spoon- Wood  {K<dmia  latifolla)  "abounds  in  almost  every 
part  of  Massachusetts,  as  far  north  as  Lowell,"  (G.  B.  Emerson,) 
and  I  have  reason  to  believe,  also,  that  it  extends  into  Maine. 
The  largest  plants  of  this  species  which  I  have  ever  seen,  not 
inferior  to  stout  Peach  Trees,  were  in  the  great  cypress-swamp 
near  Dagsbury  in  Sussex  county,  Delaware.  In  the  same 
locality  also  grew  the  Hopea  tlndoria,  Laurits  Borhonia,  and  the 
Quercti.s  Jitjii IspJicrica. 


MELON,  OR  PAPAW    THEE. 

(Papayer,  Fr.) 


Natural   Order,  Papayaceje,  (Von   Martins,)     Linnasan  Classl- 
ficatloii,  DicECiA,  Decandeia. 

PAPAYA.*     (Trew,  Tourn.,  Jussieu.)     CARICA.     (Linn.) 

DiCECious  or  POLYGAMOUS. —  Colyx  inferior,  niiiiute,  and  5-tootlie(L 
Corolla  monopetalous,  with  a  contorted  aistivation,  in  the  sta- 
miniferous  flower  tubular,  with  five  lobes  and  ten  stamens,  all 
arising  from  the  same  line,  with  those  opposite  the  lobes  sessile, 
the  other  alternate  ones  on  short  filaments;  antJtcrs  adnate  and 
2-celled,  opening  lengthways :  the  corolla  in  the  fertile  flower  is 
nearly  campanulate,  and  5-parted  almost  to  the  base.  Ovaru  supe- 
rior, 1-celled,  with  flve  parietal,  many-seeded  receptacles ;  stigma 
sessile,  5-lobed,  fringed.  Fruit  a  succulent,  indehiscent  pepo. 
Seeds  spherical,  enveloped  in  a  loose,  mucous  coat,  having  a  brittle, 
pitted  shell;  the  embryo  in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy  albumen;  cotyle- 
dons flat,  with  the  radicle  inclined  to  the  hylum. 

These  are  spongy-wooded,  quick-growing  trees  of  Tropical  Ame- 
rica, without  branches,  like  Palms,  and  yielding  an  acrid,  thin, 
milky  juice;  the  leaves  are  alternate  and  laigo,  digitate  or  palmatoly 
lobed,  on  long  petioles;  the  male  flowers  in  axillary  racemes  with 
clustered  flowers ;  the  female  flowers  usually  solitary. 

*  The  native  Amevicaa  name.  Linuajus  changed  the  name  for  Carica,  be- 
cause it  was  said  to  be  a  native  of  Caria ;  but,  as  the  plant  lias  no  sort  of  relation 
with  that  country,  it  is  better,  with  Jussieu  and  Lamarck,  to  retain  the  older  anu 
better  name. 

Vol.  v.— 8  IIC 


COMMON  MELON  or  PAP  AW  TREE. 

]'\i'AYA  VULGARIS.     Fulils  2W?/?irt//.s  l-Q-lobls   sinuatls,  lacbiils    ohlongis 

acutis,  fioribas  masculis  racemoso-corymhosis. 
Papaya  vulgaris. — Decand.,  in  Lamark's  Diet.,  vol.  v.  p.  2.  Illust.,  t.  821. 
Caiuca  Prtj)«j/«.— Linn.,  Sp.  pi.    Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  iv.  p.  814. 
Ou-iea  frondc  comosa,  folds  jjcltatis  ;  lohls  varie  siimatis. — Browne,  Jam., 

p.  860. 
Papajia  fmcM  mdo-pcpoms  effifp'c.—VLvyi.,  Catal.,  p.  20.  Trew.,  Ehret., 

t.  7  ?     TouRN.,  Instit.,  p.  659. 
Papaya  marara. — Riieed,  Malab.,  vol.  i.  t.  15,  fig.  1,  [male,]  Amlia- 

l)aya,  fig.  2,  [female.] 
Arbor  mehnifera. — BouTius,  p.  96. 
Arbor  plaiani  folio,  friictu  p>cpoms  magrdtadinc  cdidi. — Bauhin,  Pinax,  p. 

131.     Merian.,  Surinam,  p.  40,  tabs.  40  and  62,  64. 

The  Papaw  Tree,  rising  erect  into  the  air  witliout  l^ranches 
to  the  height  of  twenty  feet,  in  its  mode  of  growth  may 
be  compared  to  the  Palms,  or  to  the  tall  and  herbaceous 
Banana,  while  its  true  relations  are  to  the  Gourd  and  Passion- 
flower tribes.  The  elegant  palmated  leaves  spread  out  only 
toward  the  sunnnit  of  the  stem,  and  form  a  wide  circle  like  an 
airy  umbrella.  The  stem  is  cylindric,  about  a  foot  in  diameter, 
M'ith  the  wood  of  a  soft  and  spongy  consistence,  and  so  fibrous 
as  to  afford  a  material  for  cordage  like  hemp.  In  six  months  it 
attains  the  height  of  a  man,  and  soon  after  begins  to  flower, 
attaining  its  utmost  nmgnitude  in  three  years. 

The  root  is  perpendicular,  whitish,  spongy,  and  of  a  dis- 
agreealjle  taste  and  smell.  The  stem  is  nuirked  nearly  its  whole 
length  with  the  scars  of  the  fiUlen  leaves,  and  is  of  a  some- 
what solid  consistence  toward  the  base.  The  leaves  are  on 
jx'tioles  which  are  near  upon  two  feet  long;  they  are  deeply 
divided  into  seven  or  nine  sinuated  gashed  lobes.     The  flowers 

are  axillary,  yellowish  white,  and  fragrant;  the  barren  ones  in 
J 14 


Pi.xcvr 


Papaya  vulgaris. 


COMMON    MELON    OR     TAP  AW     TREE.       115 

pendulous  racemes  with  the  flowers  disposed  in  corymbose 
clusters;  the  fertile  flowers  are  rather  numerous,  on  short  usu- 
ally-simple thickened  pedicels.  The  fruit,  produced  throughout 
the  whole  3'ear,  is  about  the  size  of  a  small  musk-melon,  usually 
oval  or  round,  and  frequently  grooved ;  it  is  yellow,  inclining  to 
orange  when  ripe,  containing  a  bright  yellow,  succulent,  sweet 
pulp,  with  an  aromatic  scent;  the  seeds,  a  little  larger  than 
those  of  mustard,  have  a  warm  taste  almost  like  that  of  cresses. 

The  fruit  of  the  Papaw,  when  boiled  and  mixed  Avitli  lime- 
juice,  is  esteemed  a  wholesome  sauce  to  fresh  meat,  in  taste  not 
much  unlike  apples.  It  is  likewise  employed  as  a  pickle,  Avhen 
about  half  grown,  being  previously  soaked  in  salt  water  to  get 
rid  of  the  milky  juice  it  contains,  and  is,  when  ripe,  frequently 
preserved  in  sugar  and  sent  to  Europe  with  other  tropical  sweet- 
meats. The  juice  of  the  unripe  fruit,  as  well  as  that  of  the 
seed,  acts  as  a  powerful  and  efficacious  vermifuge,  and  its  chief 
constituent,  singularly  enough,  is  found  to  hQ  fihrlne,  a  principle 
otherwise  peculiar  to  the  animal  kingdom  and  the  fungi.'"'  An 
application  of  the  milky  sap  is  said  to  be  a  remedy  for  the  tetter 
or  ringworm,  and  upon  the  coast  of  Malaquette  in  Africa,  the 
leaves  are  employed  as  an  abstergent  in  place  of  soap;  they  are 
also  used  for  the  same  purpose  by  the  African  Creoles  of  the 
West  Indies. 

The  Papaw,  moreover,  has  the  singular  property  of  rendering 
the  toughest  animal  substances  tender,  by  causing  a  separation 
of  the  muscular  fibre;  even  its  vaj^or  alone  is  said  to  produce 
this  effect  upon  meat  suspended  among  the  leaves,  and  that 
poultry  and  hogs,  though  old,  become  tender  in  a  few  hours 
after  feeding  on  the  leaves  and  fruit.  This  property  was  first 
described  by  Browne  in  his  "History  of  Jamaica,"  who  remarks 
that  meat  washed  in  the  milky  juice,  mixed  with  water,  became 
in  a  few  hours  so  tender  that  when  cooked  it  could  scarcely  be 
taken  from  the  spit. 

*  Thompson's  "Annuls  of  Chemistry/'  1.  c. 


no   COMMON  MELON  OR  PAPAW  TREE. 

The  utility  of  the  Papaw  is  proved  by  the  fact  of  its  being 
cultivated  over  the  whole  of  South  America,  (according  to  the 
observations  of  Humboldt  and  Bonpland ;)  it  is  likewise  culti- 
vated throughout  India  and  in  many  of  the  islands  of  the  Pacific, 
particularly  in  the  Friendly  and  Sandwich  Island  groups;  here 
it  frequently  produces  fruit  at  the  height  of  six  or  eight  feet. 
In  tlie  wilds  of  East  Florida,  according  to  Bartram,  it  presents 
a  more  imposing  and  stately  appearance,  and  adds  a  peculiar 
feature  to  the  almost  tropical  scenery  of  the  forests  of  the  St. 
John.  It  is  also  met  with  on  the  small  islands  or  keys  near 
the  extremity  of  the  peninsula,  and  is  indigenous  to  many  parts 
of  South  America  and  the  West  India  Islands. 

Linschoten  says  it  came  from  the  West  Indies  to  the  Philip- 
pines, and  was  taken  thence  to  Goa.  According  to  Sloane,  it 
grows  wild  in  the  woods  of  Jamaica,  but  is  there  of  small  stature. 
It  was  observed  also  at  Realejo  in  Guatemala,  by  Dr.  Sinclair, 

In  Bartram's  Travels,  (p.  131,)  is  given  a  very  animated  and 
exact  description  of  this  graceful  tree.  He  adds,  it  "is  certainly 
the  most  beautiful  of  any  vegetable  production  I  know  of;  the 
towering  Laurel  Magnolia,  and  exalted  Palm,  indeed  exceed  it 
in  grandeur  and  magnificence,  but  not  in  elegance,  delicacy,  and 
gracefulness;  it  rises  erect,  with  a  perfectly-straight  tapering 
stem,  to  the  height  of  fifteen  or  twenty  feet,  which  is  smooth 
and  polished,  of  a  bright  ash  color.  Its  perfectly-spherical  top 
is  formed  of  very  large  lobesinuate  leaves,  supported  on  very 
long  footstalks;  the  lower  leaves  are  the  largest  as  well  ns  their 
])etiol('s  tlie  longest,  and  make  a  graceful  sweep,  like  the  long  /, 
or  the  branches  of  a  sconce  candlestick.  The  ripe  and  green 
fruit  are  placed  round  about  the  stem  or  trunk,  from  the  lower- 
most leaves,  and  upward  almost  to  the  top.  It  is  always  green, 
oniamcntcd  at  the  same  time  with  fiowers  and  fruit." 

PLATE  XCYI. 

Thv  fnnah'  tree  0))  a  reduced  soak.  a.  T]>e  female  ftivrcr  of  fhe  natund  size. 
I>.  A  portion  of  the  male  raceme,  of  the  natural  size. 


PI.  xcYir. 


Cornus  Nuitallii . 


DOG  ^y  o  0  D. 

(CORNOUILLIKI!,  Fr.) 


Natural    Order,   Cornace.e,    (Decand.)      Linuaxui  Arraiujcmcnt^ 
Tetkandria,  Monogynia. 

CORNUS.*       (TOURXEFORT.) 

Border  of  the  cahjx  4-tootliod,  minute.  Pciah  oldoiiii;,  s[irea(lin_!j,-. 
Stamens  four,  longer  than  the  eoroha.  SO/lc  somewliat  chib-sliapcd. 
Stigma  obtuse  or  capitate.  Drupes  free,  berried,  1  to  2-celled,  1  to 
2-seeded. 

The  pLants  of  this  genus  are  chiefly  trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herba- 
ceous, Avith  a  bitter  bark.  Leaves  opposite,  (or  rarely  somewhat  alter- 
nate,) usually  entire,  without  stipules,  and  feather-veined.  Flowers 
small  and  white,  disposed  in  compound,  terminal,  flat  clusters  or 
cymes  ;  sometimes  capitate  and  surrounded  by  a  colored  involucrum 
resembling  petals.    Hairs  of  the  leaves  and  stems  atiixed  by  the  centre. 


LARGE-FLOWERED   DOGWOOD. 

CoRXUS  NUTTALLir,  (Audubon.)  Arfjoresccns ;  involucris  4t-Q-folioIaiis, 
foliolis  obovatis,  acutis  acuminatisve  hasi  angustatis  ;  fol'ds  ovalihus,  vix 
acuminatis  ;  cortice  Iccvi. 

CoRNUS  NUTTALLii.  Lcaves  of  the  involucrum  4-G-ol)Ovate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  drupes  oval ;  leaves  oval,  scarcely 
acuminate.— ToRREY  and  Gray,  Flor.  i^.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  052.  Audu- 
bon, Birds  of  America,  plate  367. 

CoRNUS  i^/or/(/a.— Hooker,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  277,  (partly.) 

Ox  arriving,  toward  the  close  of  September,  in  18o4,  at  Fort 
Vancouver,  I  hastened  again  on  shore  to  examine  the  produc- 

*  From  coruH,  a  born,  in  allusion  to  the  hardness  of  tlie  wdikL 

117 


lis  LARGE-FLOWERED     DOGWOOD. 

tioiis  of  the  forests  of  the  Far  West;  and  nothing  so  much  sur- 
pl'ised  me  as  the  magnificent  appearance  of  some  fine  trees  of 
this  beautiful  Cornus.  Some  of  tliem  growing  in  the  ricli  lands 
near  the  fort  were  not  less  than  fifty  to  seventy  feet  in  height, 
with  large,  oval-acute,  lucid  green  leaves,  which,  taken  with  the 
.sinootJt  trunk  and  unusually-large  clusters  of  crimson  berries,  led 
me,  at  first  glance,  to  Ixilieve  that  I  beheld  some  new  Magnolia, 
until  the  llower  buds,  already  advanced  for  the  coming  season, 
proved  our  plant  to  Ije  a  Cornus,  allied  in  f\xct  to  the  Florida, 
but  with  flowers  or  colored  involucres  nearly  six  inches  in  dia- 
meter! These  appeared  in  all  their  s^^lendor,  in  May  of  the  follow- 
ing }ear,  of  a  pure  white  with  a  faint  tinge  of  blush;  the 
divisions,  also,  of  this  brilliant  pseudo-flower  are  usually  five  or 
six  in  number,  of  an  obovate  outline,  with  the  points  often  acute. 
The  leaves  are  about  four  inches  long  and  two  and  a  half  wide, 
Avith  a  considerable  quantity  of  pubescence  beneath.  The  cluster 
of  bright  red  berries  is  scarcely  inferior  to  that  of  the  cone  of 
the  Magnolia  tripetala,  and  each  of  them  is  strongl}-  terminated 
hy  the  four  persistent  teeth  of  the  calyx  and  the  style.  The 
petals  are  oblong-ovate,  shorter  considerably  than  the  stamens. 

The  wood,  like  that  of  all  the  species,  is  very  hard,  close- 
grained,  of  slow  growth,  and  would  be  useful  for  all  the  purposes 
for  which  the  wood  of  the  G.  Florida  is  enii^loyed.  The  extract 
of  the  l)ark,  boiled  down  to  a  solid  consistence,  containing  in  a 
Aer}'  concentrated  state  the  vegetable  principle  cornine,  we  found 
of  singidar  service  in  the  settlement  of  the  Wahlamet,  where,  in 
the  autunni  of  1835,  the  intermittent  fever  prevailed.  In  most 
cases  pills  of  this  extract  timely  administered  gave  perfect  relief. 
Tliouiih  the  iKTiies  are  somewliat  bitter,  they  are  still,  in  autumn, 
the  favorite  food  of  the  Baud-Tailed  Pigeon.  To  the  north  this 
species  [)re\ails,  prol)aljly  as  far  as  Frasers  River  or  Sitka,  but 
we  (lid  not  meet  with  it  in  California,  nor  anywhere  eastward, 
•  •veil  ill  the  vl<'iiiity  of  llie  lower  falls  or  cascades  of  the  Oregon. 
There  is,  llierelore,  no  doubt  but  that  it  is  as  hard\-  as  the  Com- 


WOOLLY-LEAVED     CORNUS.  110 

mon  Dogwood  and  more  deserving  of  cultivation.  It  has  been 
raised  in  England  from  seeds  which  I  brought  over,  but  the  plants 
are  yet  small. 

PLATE  XCVIL 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  A  cluster  of  berries. 


William  Bartram,  in  his  Trards  in  Georgia  and  Florida,  gives 
the  following  account  of  the  appearance  of  the  Dogwood  ( Corn  us 
Florida)  as  it  appeared  near  the  banks  of  the  Alabama : — "  We 
now  entered  a  remarkable  grove  of  Dogwood  Trees,  which  con- 
tinued nine  or  ten  miles  unaltered,  except  here  and  there  ])y  a 
towering  Magnolia  grandifolia.  The  land  on  which  they  grow 
is  an  exact  level;  the  surface  a  shallow,  loose,  black  mould,  on  a 
stratum  of  stiif  yellowish  clay.  These  trees  were  about  twelve 
feet  high,  spreading  horizontally;  and  their  limbs,  meeting  and 
interlocking  with  each  other,  formed  one  vast,  shady,  cool  grove, 
so  dense  and  humid  as  to  exclude  the  sunbeams,  and  prevent  the 
intrusion  of  almost  every  other  vegetable;  affording  us  a  most 
desirable  shelter  from  the  fervid  sunbeams  at  noonday.  This 
admirable  grove,  by  way  of  eminence,  has  acquired  the  name  of 
the  Dog  Woods.  During  a  progress  of  near  seventy  miles  througli 
this  high  forest,  there  was  constantly  presented  to  view,  on  one 
hand  or  the  other,  spacious  groves  of  this  fine  flowering  tree, 
which  must,  in  the  spring  season,  when  covered  with  blossoms, 
exhibit  a  most  pleasing  scene:"  p.  401. 


WOOLLY-LEAVED   CORNUS. 

CoRNUS  PUBESCEXS.  Ba'Diis  imrpuresccrdiJ)Us^  ramuli.-^  ojniisquc  hirsutis ; 
foliis  ovalibus  acutis  glabriusculis  subtus  ixdliciis  hirsuto-indjcscentibus, 
cymis  depressis,  dcntibus  cahjcinis  minutis,  petalis  lanceolatis  acutis. — 
IsTuTT.,  in  ToRREY  and  Gray,  vol.  i.  p.  652. 


1-20  CO  R  X  A  L     C  TT  E  R  R  Y. 

CoRXUS  chrt'mia.—CiiAmfi.  and  Sciileciit.,  in  Linnfica.,  vol.  iii.  p.  139. 
CoKXUs    sericea,    /3?   OccklcntaUs.     Leaves    larger,    more    tomeutose 
beneath. — Torr.  and  Gray,  vol.  i.  p.  652. 

This  species  is  confined  to  the  immediate  borders  of  the  Oregon 
and  Wahhimet,  in  wet  and  dark  jDlaces.  According  to  Chamisso, 
it  also  exists  round  San  Francisco  in  Upper  California.  The  stem 
is  about  six  feet  high,  but  it  has  no  pretensions  to  become  a  tree, 
and  is  only  introduced  here  for  want  of  any  other  suitable  oppor- 
tunity of  j^ublishing  it.  Its  true  affinity  is  to  Cornus  stolonifera. 
The  stem  is  similarly  inclined  and  full  of  slender  red  twigs.  It 
differs  from  that  species,  however,  in  the  nature  of  its  pubescence, 
which  is  whitish  and  hirsute,  with  a  crowded  and  close  hirsute 
cyme,  and  larger  lanceolate  petals.  The  leaves  are  also  oval  or 
somewhat  broad-ovate,  and  merely  acute,  not  acuminate,  almost 
smooth  above,  whitely  and  somewhat  hirsutely  pubescent  beneath. 
The  flowers  are  white  and  rather  large,  crowded  so  as  to  hide  the 
pedicels.     The  fruit  we  have  not  observed. 


White  Cornel.  (Comm  stolonifera,  C.  aiha,  Pursii.)  This 
species  grows  on  the  l)orders  of  streams  in  the  Rocky  Mountain 
range,  and  also  on  the  banks  of  the  Oregon,  and  in  the  Blue 
i\I()untains  of  that  territory. 


Tlie  Cornel-cherry  (Cormis  masculu)  is  a  native  of  the  South 
of  lMn'o[)e,  but  thrives  well  in  this  climate.  It  blossoms  early, 
and  hears  a  handsome  crimson  fruit,  about  the  size  and  appear- 
aiiee  ol"  a  cherry,  which  was  formerly  used  for  tarts  and  made 
into  a  roll.  The  wood  is  very  hard,  and,  made  into  wedges, 
will  endure  almost  like  iron.  It  has  long  been  cultivated  in  the 
U.irtrani  (!;ii(leii.  in  this  xieinit}',  where  fine  plants  may  be  seen 
in  (he  autumn  lull  of  fruit. 


VLXCVIK 


niiojiuiithus  Virgniica 


■'-'•7 //(/('   '/    ■, 


Ch/4iiuin(1it  (if  llnfi'iiif 


FRINGE    TREE. 

(ClIIOXANTE,   Fr.) 


Natural   Order,  Oleixe^e,    (Hoffmansegg  and  Link.)      Luiuccan 
Classification,  Diandria,  Monogynia. 

CHIONANTHUS.*    (LixN.) 

Calijx  4-toothc(l.  Corolla  monopctaloiis  with  a  sliort  tube,  the  border 
4-cleft,  the  segments  very  long,  pendulous,  narrow,  and  liuear. 
Stamens  two,  sometimes  four,  included  and  inserted  into  the  tube. 
Ovarium  bilocular;  ovules  pendulous  and  collateral,  two  in  eacli 
cell.  Style  short;  stigma  partly  bilobed.  Drujye  succulent,  1- 
seeded,  the  seed  provided  with  albumen.     Embryo  inserted. 

Small  trees  of  India  and  the  warmer  and  temperate  parts  of  Ame- 
rica, with  opposite,  simple,  and  entire  leaves ;  the  racemes  or  panicles 
of  flowers  terminal  or  axillary. 


COMMON  FRINGE   TREE. 

Chionaxthus  A^irgixica.     Panicula  tcrminall  irifida;  j^edunculis  trifloris ; 

foliis  acutis. — "Willd.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  i.  p.  46. 
Chioxaxthus,  pedunculis  irifidis  trifloris. — Lixx.,  Ilort  Clift'.,  p.  17. 
DuHAMEL,  Arb.,  vol.  i.  p.  165.     I)u  Roi,  Harbk.,  vol.  i.  p.  150.     Lam., 

Diet.,  vol.  i.  p.  735. 

*  So  called  from  its  snow-white  flowers.      (^Chioit,  snuw,  and  'nifJins,  a  flower.) 
v.— 8*  121 


joo  COMMON    FRINGE     TREE. 

a  cjiioNAXTiius  (latifulia,)/o/<V.s  ovato-dUpticis.—AiT.,  Kew.,  vol.  i.  p.  22. 

C.  viuri/iina.—V\]Rsn,  vol.  i.  p.  8. 
Amchnchkr  Virr/inpuia,  huiro-ccrasi  folio. — Petiv.,  Sici.,  p.  241.     Cates- 

]JY,  Carol.,  vol.  i.  p.  68,  t,  68. 
[i  CjiiONANTiius,  {ii\\g\xs.^\k)\\A,)  folUs  lanccolatls,  (Nurrow-Leaved  Fringe 

Tree.)— Ait.,  Kew.,  vol.  i.  p.  22. 

This  beautiful  tree  attains  the  height  of  twelve  to  twenty 
feet,  with  a  diameter  of  ten  to  twelve  inches.  When  in  flower, 
which  is  here  about  the  commencement  of  June,  few  objects  can 
be  seen  more  singular  and  elegant;  the  panicles  of  pendent 
flowers  with  which  it  is  then  clad  give  it  the  appearance  of  a 
mass  of  snow-white  fringe,  and,  wdien  the  flowers  fall,  the 
ground  seems  covered  wdth  a  carpet  of  white  shreds.  It  is  also 
highly  ornamental  when  in  fruit,  presenting  among  its  broad, 
deep  green  leaves,  numerous  clusters  of  dark  purple  drupes, 
which  look  like  so  many  small  plums,  but  are  not  agreeable  to 
the  palate.  Mr.  Elliott  mentions  a  variety  in  a  garden  near 
(Jharleston,  (that  of  Mr.  Champney,)  in  which  the  panicles  of 
flowers  were  so  long  and  numerous  that  they  appeared  cylin- 
drical. The  variety  /?  G.  aiKjustifoJia  of  Alton,  with  narrow 
oblong-lanceolate  leaves,  and  smooth  beneath,  appears  to  be  a 
distinct  species,  and  takes  a  more  southern  range. 

The  farthest^known  northern  station  of  this  tree  is  in  the 
woodlands  on  the  borders  of  the  Brandywine,  near  West  Chester 
in  this  State,  w^iere  it  was  observed,  many  years  ago,  by  my 
late  iVicnd  David  Landreth,  Sr. :  it  is  therefore  perfectly 
hardy  to  the  northern  limits  of  the  United  States.  To  the 
south,  it  is  met  with  as  far  as  Florida,  and  appears  to  be  re- 
])iaced  in  Mexico  by  the  C.  ];>uhcscens  oi  Humboldt,  Kunth,  and 
l}oii[)laii(l;  but  in  that  species  the  flowers  are  larger  and  red. 

or  the  (juality  of  its  wood  nothing  is  yet  known,  nor  is  it 
.^iiHiciciitly  common  for  economical  purposes.  According  to 
'■'llii'lt,  the  loot  is  used,  in  form  of  an  infusion,  as  a  remedy  in 
long-standiiiLi'  iutonnit louts. 


COMMON    FRINGE     TREE.  123 

The  tree  presents  a  roundish  spreading  summit;  the  leaves 
are  of)posite,  petiolate,  oval,  pointed  at  either  end,  entire;  green 
and  smooth  above,  pubescent  beneath,  six  or  seven  inches  long 
by  about  three  Avide.  The  white  flowers  come  out  in  pendent 
paniculated  racemes,  of  which  the  extreme  ramifications  are 
usually  three-flowered.  The  fringe-like  petals  are  eight  or  nine 
inches  long,  sometimes  with  six  divisions  instead  of  four,  and  as 
many  as  four  stamens.  It  grows  generally  in  humid  places, 
near  swamps  and  streams,  and  bears  cultivation  extremely  well. 
In  the  fine  old  garden  of  the  Bartrams,  at  Kingsessing,  there  is  a 
tree  of  this  species  w^hich  has  been  growing  nearly  a  century, 
and  is  now  thirtj-two  inches  in  circumference  and  about  twenty 
feet  high. 

A  species  very  much  resemblmg  the  present,  the  flowers 
equally  loose  and  trichotomal,  but  with  thick,  smooth,  coriaceous 
leaves,  according  to  Poiteau,  inhabits  the  island  of  St.  Domingo, 
and  will  probably  be  met  with  in  East  Florida. 

PLATE   XCVIII. 

A  branch  of  tJie  natural  size.     a.  llic  fruit. 


ASH    TREE. 

(Frene,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  OleinezE.      Limiasan  Classification,  DiCECiA,  Di- 

ANDRIA. 

FRAXmUS.     (Linn.) 

Male  flowers  with  a  minute  3  or  4-tootlied  calyx  or  that  part  wholly 
wanting.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  two  to  four.  Pistillate  flowers 
equally  imperfect.  Ovary  superior,  ovate,  compressed,  2-celled,  the 
cells  each  with  two  ovules.  Capsule  (or  Samara)  compressed, 
2-celled,  by  abortion  1-sceded,  terminating  in  a  membranous  lan- 
ceolate wing. 

The  Ashes  are  trees  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  and  almost 
cnth-ely  confined  to  Europe  and  North  America.  The  leaves  are 
opposite  and  pinnate ;  the  flowers  dioecious  and  paniculate,  rarely 
racemose.  The  leaves  of  some  of  the  species  in  warm  climates  exude 
the  saccharine  substance  called  manna.  The  wood  of  several  species 
of  this  genus  is  liiuch  esteemed  for  its  strength  and  elasticity. 


OREGON  BLACK  ASH. 

FiiAXTNUS  Orkoona.     Folidlis  stibscptolis  scssilibiis,  ovato-lanccolatis  acutis 

siihscrralis  in/ct/rlsre  ciini  radiibas  p)ctiolisque  piibesccntibus  concoloribus, 

jhirilnts  cahi-iiliilis^  siiiiiaris  brcribi/s  ciinfalis  (Diarqinatis  basl  angusiatis. 

,'i  i;ii'Ai;iA   fiilus  iiKK/is  sirralis^  samara  laxceolata  iitiegra. 
1J4 


PI.X.»IX. 


Fraxums     Oreyoiia 


Omjon  J  liar/,-  J.y/t,- 


t'rcJW  (U-2VrcM('ii. 


OREGON    BLACK     A  S  Tl.  125 

This  is  the  only  species  of  Ash  we  met  with  in  the  Oregon 
Territory.  It  becomes  a  large  and  useful  tree,  seventy  or  eighty 
feet  in  height,  and  ahvays  aflects  wet  or  low  alluvial  lands,  man\^ 
of  which  are  subject  annually  to  temporary  inundations.  We 
never  saw  it  above  the  first  falls  of  the  Oregon,  which  would 
appear  to  be  its  limit,  or  nearly  so,  in  this  direction,  and  we 
believe  it  is  not  known  in  Upper  California. 

The  leaves  arc  eight  to  ten  inches  in  length ;  the  lateral 
leaflets,  about  three  pair,  are  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  long, 
the  terminal  leaf  about  four  inches,  the  breadth  al)oiit  one  and  a 
half  inches;  they  are  ovate-lanceolate,  acute,  Ijut  scarcely  acumi- 
nate, sessile,  entire,  or  now  and  then  slightly  serrate,  on  Ijoth 
surfaces  pubescent,  but  particularly  beneath  as  well  as  the  mid- 
rib, and  nearly  of  the  same  color  on  both  sides. 

The  male  flowers  are  thickly  clustered,  the  flowers  with  two 
or  three  oblong-obtuse  stamens,  and  a  very  minute  calyx.  The 
female  panicles  are  smooth,  trichotomous,  and  many-flowered, 
with  the  rachis  flat  and  compressed.  The  calyx  small  and  4  to 
5-toothed;  the  style  rather  long,  with  two  revolute  stigmas;  no 
corolla.  The  germ  sulxjuadrangular,  ancipital,  two-celled;  cells 
each  with  two  ovules.  The  samara  is  rather  wide,  cuneate-oblong, 
emarginate,  and  narrow  at  the  base,  subtended  by  a  minute  irregu- 
larly-toothed calyx ;  it  is  only  about  an  inch  and  a  line  long.  In 
the  White  Ash  it  is  sometimes  near  upon  three  inches.  In  our 
variety  /3  the  samara  is  somewhat  longer,  and  generally  acute 
and  entire  at  the  tip. 

The  wood  of  this  fine  species  is  nearly  white,  and  found  no- 
way inferior  to  that  of  the  White  Ash,  being  used  for  the  sanu^ 
purposes  at  Fort  Vancouver  and  among  the  settlers  of  the  Wali- 
lamet.  It  was  much  esteemed  for  oars  as  well  as  for  the  handles 
of  all  sorts  of  implements,  and  found  tough  and  durable.  Though 
allied  to  the  Black  Ash  {F.  samlmcifoJia)  by  botanical  aflinities, 
it  is  very  superior  as  timber,  and  is  justly  considered  as  one  of 
the  best  in  the  territorv. 


126  SMALL-LEAVED     ASH. 

An  opinion  prevails  in  Oregon  among  the  hunters  and  Indians 
that  poisonous  serpents  are  unknown  in  the  same  tract  of  country 
where  this  Ash  grows ;  and  stories  are  related  of  a  stick  of  the 
Black  Ash  causing  the  rattlesnake  to  retire  with  every  mark  of 
fear  and  trepidation,  and  that  it  would  sooner  go  into  the  fire  than 
creep  over  it.  It  is  singular  to  remark  that  the  same  supersti- 
tion in  regard  to  the  European  Ash  prevailed  even  in  the  time 
of  Pliny  the  natural  historian. 

PLATE  XCIX. 

A  branch  of  (he  natural  size.     a.  The  germ.     h.  The  fruit,     c.  A  variety 

ivith  lanceolate  fruit. 


SMALL-LEAVED    ASH. 

Fraxinus  PAUGIFLORA.  Hauiis  gluhris  gracilibus,  foliolis  quinis  ad  scp- 
ienis  lanceolatis  remotis  lonc/e  jJetiolatis  utrinque  acuminatis  leriter  serratis 
glaberriniis,  racemis  fructiferis  simplicibus,  jpaucifloris. 

This  remarkable  si^ecies  of  Ash  was  collected  in  Georgia,  in 
the  neighborhood  of  "Trader's  Hill,"  by  the  late  indefatigable 
and  excellent  botanist.  Dr.  Baldwin.  Specimens  exist  in  the 
Herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 
It  appears  to  have  been  observed  by  no  other  botanist. 

Tlie  cliaracter  of  the  tree  and  the  quality  of  its  tim1)er  are 
uiil'Ciiow  n,  l)iit  tlie  figure  and  description  may  probably  serve  to 
recognise  it  and  lead  to  further  inquiry. 

'J'lie  l)raiielies  are  smooth  and  remarkably  slender,  the  buds 
small,  yellowish  browu,  and  pubescent.  The  leaves  are  half  a 
loot  or  a  little  more  in  length,  with  five  to  seven  lanceolate 
leaflets,  wliich  ai'e  two  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long  by  about 


IM  ( 


Fraxinus  Pijucillorus 


SnuiJ^  i/><ired  ^ish 


Freii^  <i  p^f/i's  ///■///".«■. 


THREE-WINGED     ASH.  127 

three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide,  acuminated  ^vith  a  slender  point, 
and  much  attenuated  below,  with  rather  long  pedicels;  they  are 
opaque,  smooth  and  green  on  both  surfaces,  except  a  slight  trace 
of  pubescence  alongside  of  the  midrib,  and  slenderl}'-  serrated  on 
the  margin;  the  petioles  are  remarkably  long,  and  the  distance 
between  the  pairs  of  leaves  very  great;  but  the  most  character- 
istic distinction  claimed  for  this  species  is  in  the  inflorescence  of 
the  fruit-bearing  plant,  which  consists  of  two  or  three  remote 
pairs  of  racemes,  each  being  quite  simple  or  unbrauched,  terete, 
and  producing  only  two  or  three  samaras  or  capsules  in  place  of 
the  usual  trichotomous  and  compound  cluster. 

The  samara  is  about  one  and  a  half  inches  long,  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  and  entire,  attenuated  and  cylindric  at  the  base,  and  with- 
out any  ^oroper  calyx,  there  being  a  mere  margin  of  junction 
with  the  pedicel. 

TLATE   C. 

A  branch  of  tJie  natural  size,  loith  the  fruit. 


THEEE-WINGED  ASH. 

Fraxinus  triptera.     Samara  latissima  obovato-dliptica,  2')lcrisque  irialata, 
basi  angustissima,  ccaliculata  ;  foliolis. — Nutt.,  vol.  ii.  p.  232. 

I  OBSERVED  fruit  of  this  curious  species  many  years  ago,  in 
winter,  in  the  Oak  forests  of  South  Carolina,  and,  as  I  thought, 
the  leaves  of  the  same;  but  I  am  now  in  doubt  whether  the 
leaves  then  collected  actually  belonged  to  the  same  plant  with 
the  fruit.  I  must  therefore  leave  the  species  in  the  same  im- 
perfect manner  I  then  found  it,  as  I  have  never  since  seen  any 
other  specimen. 


128  BLUE     ASH. 

The  fruit  is  the  most  curious  of  any  in  the  genus,  at  first  sight 
ahiiost  siniihir  to  that  of  an  Ilalesia,  being  nearly  of  the  same 
breadth;  the  samara,  in  fact,  appeared  to  be  more  rarely  2 
than  3-winged;  the  seed  itself  Avas  also  three-sided;  at  the 
base  the  fruit  is  attenuated  into  a  very  slender  peduncle  without 
l)eing  at  all  terete.  Perhaps  it  is  merely  a  variety  of  F.  jplaty- 
carpa. 

PLATE   C. 

The  fndf,  which  is  three-winged. 


Blue  Ash,  [Fraxinus  quadrangulata.)  Mr.  T.  Lea,  of  Cin- 
cinnati, informs  me  that  he  measured  a  tree  of  this  species  which 
was  cut  down  in  his  neighborhood,  which  was  one  hundred  and 
four  feet  high,  thirty-two  inches  in  diameter,  and  its  age  by  the 
concentric  circles  was  232  years.  The  diameter  under  the  bark 
was  thirty  inches.  Another  growing  near  to  it  was  about  thirty- 
six  inches  in  diameter,  and  proportionably  high;  they  were 
both  healthy  trees,  and  had  not  attained  their  greatest  size. 

Besides  the  valuable  uses  of  the  Ash  as  timber,  for  which  it 
has  been  employed  from  the  highest  antiquity,  it  was  formerly 
used  as  a  medicine,  and  thought  to  be  equal  to  the  wood  of  the 
Guaiacum,  by  Bauhin,  who  also  remarks  that  the  inner  bark  of 
the  common  species  (F.  excelsior)  steeped  in  water  communicates 
to  it  a  blue  color  in  the  same  manner  as  our  Blue  Ash,  {F.  quad- 
miKjiiliila;)  ^et  it  is  not  known  whether  it  can  be  used  in  dye- 
ing. It  was  formerly  considered  as  a  diuretic  of  considerable 
ellicacy;  the  bark  and  the  wood  is  still  known  to  be  a  mild 
purgative,  no  less  tlian  the  manna  which  distils  from  its  inci- 
sions in  the  warmer  parts  of  Europe.  Most  part  of  the  manna 
of  commerce  is  collected  in  Calabria  and  Sicily,  from  the  Round- 
leaved  Flowering  Ash,  [Onm-s  rotniulifulia.)    The  manna  exudes 


W  II I  T  E     AS  11.  120 

spontaneously  in  fine  weather,  from  the  middle  of  June  to  the 
close  of  July.  During  the  heat  of  the  day  we  observe  a  trans- 
parent liquor  issuing  from  the  trunk  and  the  branches,  which 
thickens  and  becomes  clotted;  these  indurated  exudations  are 
nearly  white,  and  are  collected  the  following  morning  with  a 
wooden  knife,  provided  they  have  not  already  dissolved  to  watei', 
as  a  humid  fog  is  often  sufficient  to  melt  it.  It  is  finally  dried 
in  the  sun,  and  is  what  is  known  b}- the  name  o^  manna  in  tears. 
At  the  close  of  July,  when  the  spontaneous  exudation  ceases, 
the  peasants  make  incisions  in  the  bark  of  the  Ash,  from  whence 
issues  during  the  heat  of  the  day  a  great  deal  of  li(pior  which 
thickens  in  large  flakes,  and  jDroduces  an  inferior  manna  of  a 
brownish  color,  which,  however,  purges  more  than  the  preceding. 

Several  species  of  Ash  afford  manna  as  well  as  the  Ornus. 

The  shade  of  the  Ash  is  found  destructive  to  other  plants, 
and  its  roots  impoverish  the  soil  to  a  great  degree;  indeed,  the 
ancients  imagined  the  shade  of  this  tree  unhealthy.  On  the 
other  hand,  it  will  thrive  in  the  shade  of  other  trees,  and  may 
be  planted  in  the  interior  of  a  clump  where  scarcely  any  otlier 
tree  will  survive. 


White  Ash,  {Fraxinus  acuminata,  Lamarck.  F.  Americana, 
^yILLD.  F.  epiiitera,  Mich.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  256.)  Tliis 
tree  grows  from  fifty  to  seventy  feet  high,  and  soinetinies  two  to 
three  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  said  by  Michaux  to  be 
preferred  to  that  of  other  species.  Mr.  Elliott,  however,  re- 
marks that  he  believes  they  are  all  indiscriminately  used. 


Carolixian    or   Broad-Fruited    Ash,    {Fra.anvs    plafycarpa, 
Mich.,  vol.  ii.  p.  25G.)      Mr.  Elliott  renuu-ks,  "  I  think  it  some- 


times becomes  a  large  tree." 

Vol.  v.— 9 


FLOWERING  ASH. 

(FiiENE  A  Fleur,  Fr.) 


Xafitral    Order,   OleinEtE.      Li)ma?a)i    Classification,   Diandkia, 

MONOGYNIA. 

ORNUS.     (Fersoon.) 

Oil >/■'•.  4-partc(l  or  4-tootliod.  Corolla  2  to  4-parted,  tlie  segments 
iir>uully  elongated.  Stamens  exserted.  Stijjnm  cmarginate.  Samara 
1-cellcd,  1-sceded,  winged. 

Trees,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Western  America,  with  oppo- 
site, unequally-pinnated  leaves,  and  terminal  or  axillary  panicles  of 
tlowers,  scarcely  distinguishable  from  the  Ash  but  by  the  presence 
of  a  corolla. 


CALIFORNIAN    FLOWERING    ASH. 

Ornus  dipetala.  Ifollis  ^-jugis,  foUolls  cuneaio-ovaJis  scrraU's  obfusis 
f/l(ihris,  ]xinicalls  axillaribus,  corolla  dipdala,  anthcra  elongala,  Jilamcntis 
hrcrihns. 

Orxu.s  dipetala.— //f^o/cr  and  Arnoff,  in  Botan.,  Beech.,  t.  87. 

Fraxinus  [Ornns)  dipetala.  Foliis  3-jugis,foUolis  ovalibus  obtusis  acute 
scrratis  glabrls  basi  cuncatis,  infcrioribus  in  pctiolulum  longiusculum 
aiteniiatis,  supcriorlbiis  duobus  scssiUbus,  supremo  longc  ■pctlolula.ta,  j)ani- 
ciilis  miil/ijlun's  biiKjiliiAuie  fere  fediorum  ac  infra  folio  ortis,  petalis  '2 
oilier, iln-iihttiiKjis   (ihliisis  uvgiiieulatis. — Hook.,  in    Bot.  Beech.  Suppl., 

i:;u 


PIC  J 


OrnnH  Dip  eta  la. 


0  R  N  U  S     AMERICANA.  131 

SrECiMEXS  of  this  curious  tree  were  collected  (probably)  by 
Douglas  in  the  forests  of  Upper  California.  The  llowers  appear 
less  showy  but  more  curious  than  those  of  the  Common  Flower- 
ing Ash,  {Onius  Europaxi.)  The  leaflets  appear  to  be  small 
and  distant  from  each  other,  smooth,  of  an  elliptic-ovate  figure, 
with  small  and  distinct,  sharp  serratures.  The  flowers  are 
small,  and  come  out  in  ramified  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  they  have  a  distinct,  four-toothed  calyx,  and  two  ob- 
long, obtuse,  spreading  petals  about  the  length  of  the  stamens. 
The  stamens  do  not  appear  to  be  exserted  as  in  the  European 
Ornus ;  the  anthers  are  also  very  large  and  long,  and  the  fila- 
ments so  short  as  not  to  appear  beyond  the  calyx.  The  germ 
is  ovate,  and  the  stigma  merely  notched. 

Of  this  curious  plant,  we  have  seen  nothing  more  than  the 
j)late  and  specific  character  as  given  before.  The  author  re- 
marks that  it  is  allied  to  F.  ScJiiedianus  of  Schlectendal, 
described  in  the  Linna3a.,  vol.  vi.  p.  391,  a  Mexican  plant;  but 
the  petals  of  that  species  have  not  yet  been  observed. 

PLATE   CI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  flower  magnijicd.     b.  The  germ,  also 

magnified. 


The  Ornus  Americana  of  Pursh,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  i.  p.  8, 
is  given  on  the  authority  of  Persoon,  who  merely  notices  it 
as  a  variety  of  the  European  Ornus,  and  cautiously  places  an 
interrogation  after  Americana?  giving  at  the  same  time  no 
locality.  Pursh,  however,  adds,  "  In  moist,  shady  woods : 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  rare,  fj  May,  v.  v."  Yet,  witli  all  this 
assertion,  it  continues,  as  far  as  I  know,  to  rest  wholly  on  the 
authority  of  Pursh,  no  other  botanist  having  pretended  to  find 
this  obscure  plant,  which,  in  all  probability,  is  nothing  more 


132  OLIVE     T  R  E  E. 

tliaii  a  name  bestowed  upon  a  mere  variety  of  the  European 
Oruus,  by  gardeners,  for  the  purposes  of  profit. 


]S^()TE. — The  Olive  Tree,  [Olea  EuropcEa.)  The  cultivation 
of  the  Olive  has  been  attended  with  the  greatest  success  in 
Upper  CaHfornia,  and  the  oUves  produced  are  of  an  excellent 
quality.  It  might  also,  no  doubt,  be  cultivated  in  the  southern 
part  of  the  Oregon  Territory.  Around  Santa  Barbara,  the 
Olive  Trees  were  in  full  flower  in  the  latter  end  of  March  and 
beginning  of  April,  and  put  on  the  appearance  of  a  willow 
grove.  Forty  barrels  of  these  pickled  olives  were  shipped 
from  St.  Diego  to  Boston  in  the  Alert,  the  vessel  in  which  I 
returned  to  the  United  States  in  1836. 


picir 


Tlonda  ^rdigiiT' 


Artiism  I'lrki'i-inioiii 


'itiifUrrdf  l'iiAcriu<^ 


AUDI  SI  A.* 

(SWARTZ.) 


Natural    Order,    MyrsixEyE,    (R.  Brown.)      L'nnimtn    Chi-^xijlca- 
tion,  Pentandria,  Monogynia. 

Cali/x  5-parted,  persistent.  Corolla  monopetalous,  o-parted,  rctlected. 
Anilicrs  large,  erect.  St'tgnia  simple,  acute.  Drupe  superior,  the 
nut  1-seedecl. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  Tropical  America  and  India,  witli  alternate, 
thickish  or  coriaceous  leaves:  flowers  terminal,  paniculated,  or  in 
axillary  cymes  or  umbels. 


FLORIDA  ARDISIA. 

Ardisia  Pickeringia.  PanicuUs  ax'dlarlhas  tcrrninaltbusgxe,  foliis 
cuneato-oblongis  intcgris  coriaceis  aceniis,  calycibus  abbrcciaiui,  caulc. 
arboreo. 

Cyrilla  paniculaia. — Nutt.,  in  Silliman's  Journ.  Sci.,  vol.  v.  p.  2'.I0. 

PiCKERiXGiA  paniculaia. — Ibid.,  Journ,  Acad.  Xat.  f^ci.,  Philad.. 
vol.  vii.  p.  95. 

This  beautiful  evergreen  tree,  according  to  Dr.  Blodgett,  is 
very  common  at  Key  West,  where  it  attains  an  elevation  of 

*  A  name  derived  from  afjS'.q,  a  point,  ou  accuuut  of  the  acute  sfgiueiito  of  tlic 
covulla. 


1.^4  FLORIDA    ARDI  SI  A. 

twenty  feet.  Many  years  since,  it  was  discovered  in  East 
Florida,  about  the  latitude  of  28°,  by  my  friend  Major  Ware, 
but,  from  the  imperfection  of  the  specimens,  I  was  led  to  mis- 
take its  character,  and  form  upon  it  a  distinct  genus.  It  bears 
a  very  considerable  affinity  to  the  Ardisia  eoriacea  of  Swartz, 
but  differs  wholly  in  the  flower,  and  in  the  smallness  of  its 
calvx ;  the  leaves  are  also  longer  in  proportion  to  their  width. 

The  leaves,  resembling  those  of  a  laurel,  but  smaller,  grow 
out  toward  the  extremities  of  the  branches,  which  are  covered 
Avith  a  dark-brown  bark:  they  are  from  three  to  four  inches 
long  and  an  inch  or  more  wide,  very  entire,  oblong  or  ovate- 
oblong,  obtuse,  and  narrowed  below  into  a  short  petiole,  so 
thick  and  opaque  as  to  exhibit  scarcely  a  vestige  of  veining 
above,  and  in  this  respect  very  different  from  A.  timfolia,  which 
has  also  much  larger  leaves.  The  flowers  are  showy  and  rather 
large,  white,  with  a  purple  tinge,  and  disposed  in  axillary  and 
terminal  panicles,  made  up  of  racemes.  The  calyx  is  not 
more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  corolla,  with  five  obtuse, 
imbricated,  spotted  leaflets  with  membranous  margins.  The 
segments  of  the  corolla  are  ovate,  obtuse,  and  reflected,  with 
dark -brown,  almost  black,  narrow,  longitudinal  blotches.  The 
anthers  are  large,  flat,  and  cordate,  not  quite  so  long  as  the 
corolla.  The  style  is  subulate  and  acute.  The  branches  of  the 
panicle  are  of  a  ferruginous-brown  color  and  pulverulently 
pubescent. 

According  to  Sloane,  the  drupes  of  A.  eoriacea  (t.  200,  fig.  2) 
were  eaten  in  Jamaica,  and  accounted  a  pleasant  dessert. 

TLATE  CII. 

A  branch  of  (he  natiLral  size.     a.  The  flow cr  somewhat  enlarged. 


PI  cm 


rcjuj^cufeJ  (\ihiKLsli  Tre-e. 


CilhilnissKr  (ujfi^ 


CALABASH     TREE. 

(Calabassiek,  Fr.) 


Natural   Order,  Solane.e.      Lhniaxui  Classification,  Didyxamia, 

Angiospermia. 

CRESCENTIA.*     (Linn.) 

Cabjx  2-pnrted,  equal,  and  deciduous.  Corolla  large,  somewhat  cam- 
panulate,  tlie  tube  unequal,  ventricose  and  in-curved,  the  hordor 
5-cleft,  unequal,  its  segments  denatcly  sinuate  or  torn.  Stamens 
four,  (sometimes  five,)  as  long  as  the  corolhx,  two  of  them  shorter, 
anthers  incumbent.  Stigma  bilamellate.  The  bcrri/  large,  1-celled, 
resembling  a  gourd,  with  a  solid  l)ark,  within  puljiy,  many-seeded. 

Trees  or  shrubs  of  Tropical  America  and  the  Caril)bcan  Islands; 
the  leaves  large,  alternate,  and  fasciculated,  the  flowers  most!}'  solitary, 
arising  from  the  trunk  or  branches. 


LONG-LEAVED   CALABASH  TREE. 

Crescentia  cujete.  Foliis  cuneaio-lanceolatis  confcrtis. — Swartz.,  Obs., 
p.  234.  Linn.,  Sp.  pi.  Wiled.,  vol.  v.  p.  311.  Laefling's  Iter., 
p.  225.     Jacq.,  Amer.,  p.  175,  t.  111. 

C.  arborescens,  foliis  covfertis  obovato-ohlovgis  bast  angustioribus,  frada 
sphcBrico  maximo. — Browne,  Jam.,  p.  2G5. 


*  Named  in  inoiiiory  of  Pictro  Cresccntio,  an  Italian  writer  on  AL-^riculturc. 

135 


136         LONG-LEAVED     CALABASH     TREE. 

CujETE  foUis  ohlongis  et  cmgusiis,  magna  fruciu  ovato. — Plumier,  Geu. 

23,  ic.  109.— PiGO,  Brazil,  p.  173. 
Arhor  Americana  cumrhitifcra,  folio  lonrjo  mucronato,  fructu  ohlongo. — 

CoM.MEL.,  Ilort.  Amst,  vol.  i.  p.  137,  t.  71. 

Tjhs  species  attains  the  ordinary  height  of  a  Pear  Tree,  being 
twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  high,  and  about  a  foot  in  diameter, 
with  the  trunk  crooked  and  dividing  with  great  reguharity  at 
the  top  into  numerous,  long,  thick,  ahnost  horizontal  branches. 
It  is  indigenous  to  the  Antilles,  New  Spain,  Guiana,  and  Brazil, 
and  has  also  been  recently  found  at  Key  West,  by  Dr.  Blodgett. 
Tlie  Avood  of  this  species  is  said  to  be  white,  hard,  and  sus- 
ceptible of  a  polish.  In  the  countries  it  inhabits  it  is  commonly 
employed  for  saddle-trees,  stools,  chairs,  and  other  articles  of 
furniture.  The  fruit  varies  in  form  and  size  from  ovoid  to 
round,  and  is  from  two  inches  to  a  foot  in  diameter;  it  is 
covered  with  a  thin,  even,  smooth  skin  of  a  greenish  yellow, 
and  under  this  there  is  a  hard  and  ligneous  shell,  which  contains 
a  soft  yellowish  pulp  of  an  acrid  and  disagreeable  taste,  which  is, 
however,  considered  as  a  good  remedy  in  a  great  number  of 
diseases  and  accidents,  being  employed  for  dropsy,  diarrhoea, 
and  inflammations  of  the  chest;  applied  externally,  it  is  thought 
serviceable  in  Ijruises,  Ijurns,  and  headaches.  Cattle  occasionally 
I'eed  on  the  fallen  fruit,  as  did  the  Indians  in  time  of  scarcity. 
In  an  uni'ipe  state  it  is  also  candied  with  sugar.  The  Indians 
made  use  of  them,  when  hollowed  out,  for  rattle-boxes  in  their 
noisy  superstitious  ceremonies,  in  the  same  manner  as  our 
northern  aborigines  used  the  calabash  for  the  same  purpose. 
Alvaro  Nunez  speaks  of  their  being  thus  employed  in  Florida. 
Hughes  remarks  that  the  fruit  smells  like  wine,  and  that  the 
juice  is  even  relished  by  some  as  a  beverage. 

The  shell  ()('  (he  iVuit,  emptied  of  its  pulp,  is  used  in  the 
West  Indies  j'or  vai'ious  kinds  of  domestic  vessels,  such  as 
gobU'ts,  coflee-cups,  tobacco-boxes,  dram-bottles,  &c.,  and,  it  is 
said,  even  for  kettles  to  boil  water  in,  it  being  so  thin,  hard. 


LONG-LEAVED     CALABASH     TREE.         1:^.7 

and  close-grained,  as  to  stand  the  fire  several  successive  times 
before  it  is  destroyed.  The  external  surface  is  sonictinu's  finely 
polished  and  ornamented  Avith  figures,  colored  ^vith  imligo, 
rocou,  and  other  pigments. 

The  "Mexican  Chronicle,"  published  by  Parchas,  (p.  1092,) 
records  that  the  shells  of  this  fruit,  out  of  which  they  drank 
their  cacao,  were  rendered  as  a  tribute  to  the  Mexicans  from 
the  towns  of  their  hot  countries  who  were  their  sul)jects. 

The  leaves  grow  out  in  clusters  of  nine  or  ten  together,  at 
unequal  distances,  and  are  from  five  to  seven  inches  long  and 
about  an  inch  broad,  narrowing  very  gradually  toward  the  1)ase, 
where  they  are  almost  sessile,  ending  in  a  rather  long  and  acute 
point ;  they  are  also  entire,  very  dark  green,  smooth,  and  I'ather 
shining.  The  flowers  come  out  on  the  trunk  and  branches,  are 
of  a  dull  greenish  yellow,  about  one  and  a  half  inches  long, 
marked  with  brownish  streaks  or  veins,  solitary,  and  of  a  dis- 
agreeable smell ;  the  tube  is  almost  globosely  ventricose,  with 
the  border  five-cleft,  each  of  the  divisions  trifid,  in  long,  fili- 
formly-acuminated  segments,  the  central  one  being  longest. 
The  stigma  is  deeply  bilamellated. 

PLATE  cm. 

A  twig  of  (he  natural  size,  with  a  flower. 


v.— 0^' 


TRUMPET   FLOWER. 

(BiGNONE,   Fr.) 


X<ifural  Order,  Bignoniace^e,  (R.  Brown.)     Linncean  Classifica- 
tion, DiDYNAMIA,  AnGIOSPERMIA. 

TECOMA.*     (JussiEU.) 

Caljjx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  witli  a  short  tube,  toward 
the  orifice  campanulate,  the  border  5-lobed,  unequal  or  bilabiate. 
Stamina  four,  didynanious,  with  the  rudiment  of  a  fifth.  Stigma 
bilamellate.  Caj)sale  long  and  cylindric,  resembling  a  pod,  2-celled, 
with  the  dissepiment  in  a  contrary  direction  with  the  valves.  Seeds 
transversely  disposed  in  a  double  series,  imbricated  and  winged. 

Very  ornamental  trees,  or  rarely  shrubs,  mostly  climbing  or 
twining,  often  producing  hard  and  valuable  wood,  inhabiting  the 
tropics  of  either  hemisphere ;  the  present  species  ( T.  radicans)  ex- 
tending farther  north  than  any  other  known.  The  leaves  opposite, 
niostl}'  unequallj^  pinnate;  the  flowers  terminal,  clustered,  or  panicu- 
late, yellow  or  red. 


COMMON  TRUMPET  FLOWER. 

Tkcoma  kadicans.     Folils  2-)}tmatis ;  folioUs  ovalihus  dentatis  acuminatis ; 
<'ori//iibo  tcrmhiali;    tuho   coroUcv  catycc  triplo  longiorc,   caulc  geniculis 

radicd/is. 

Tkcuma  kadicans. — JussiEU,  Genera  riant.,  p.  155. 

"'  I'ruin   T<rn))i(ix(ichi//,  the  aborigiiuil  Mexic-mi  iKUiic  ot"  one  of  the  species. 


pim: 


T<'iu!iin  r;iili(';uis. 

CoiKiin'n   Trurrifxi  F/tn*'!'/-  /fyu&nf  Jiliri^iine 


COMMON  TRUMPET  FLOWER.      l:]9 

BlGNONIA    RADICANS. — LiNN.,    Ilort.    Clilf.,    p.    317.       AVlLI,I>.,    Sp.    pi., 

vol.  iii.  p.  301.  AValtkr,  p.  109.  Mich.,  Flor.  V>oi:  Am.,  vol.  ii. 
p.  25.  PuRsir,  Flor.,  vol.  ii.  p.  420.  Elliott,  Sk.,  vol.  ii.  p.  lOS. 
Curt.,  Magaz.,  t.  485.  Nouv.  Duiiamel,  vol.  ii.  p.  1),  tab.  3.  Mil- 
ler, Icon.,  t.  65.     Wangenh.,  Amer.,  p.  68,  tab.  26,  f.  53. 

BiGNONiA  fraxini  foUis,  coccineo  jiore  minorc. — Catesby's  Caroliii;i, 
vol.  i.  p.  Qo,  tab.  65. 

BiGNONiA  Americana,  fraxini  folio,  florc  amplo  ]>hiinieeo. — Tournefokt, 
p.  164. 

Gelseminum  licdcraccam  Indicuni. — Cornut.,  Canad.,  p.  102,  tab.  103. 

Pseudo-Apocynian  hedcraceum  Americamun,  (i(h//loso  fore  phccnicco, 
fraxini  folio. — Morris,  Hist.,  vol.  iii.  p.  612,  f.  15,  tab,  3,  f.  1. 

Gelseminum  clcmatitis,  <|-c. — Barrel,  Ic,  59. 

This  beautiful  climber  is  indigenous  to  all  the  States  south 
of  New  York,  and  westward  to  the  borders  of  the  Mississi})pi. 
By  means  of  the  radicant  fibres  of  the  stem  it  clings  to  trees 
and  walls,  ascending  to  the  height  of  from  thirty  to  fifty  or 
sixty  feet.  In  favorable  situations  the  main  stem  thickens  and 
takes  an  independent  stand,  so  as  sometimes  to  produce  a 
woody  trunk  twenty  feet  high  and  three  feet  in  circumference, 
with  a  deeply-furrowed  gray  bark.  About  midsummer,  it  sends 
out  from  its  elevated  summit  a  bright  green  mass  of  long, 
depending  twigs,  producing  from  their  extremities,  for  a  long 
succession,  clusters  of  large,  brilliant  red  flowers,  something  in 
the  form  of  trumpets,  to  which  are  continually  attracted  flocks 
of  young  humming-birds  in  quest  of  the  honeyed  repast  they 
so  long  afford.  As  a  hardy,  ornamental,  climljing  tree,  lew 
plants  deserve  better  to  be  cultivated  along  walls  and  trellises. 
In  the  Bartram  Garden  (Kingsessing)  there  is  one  of  these 
trees,  probably  a  century  old,  with  a  thick,  short,  and  nearly 
erect  stem,  its  summit  spreading  out  into  an  independent,  airy 
bower.  A  familiar  retiring-place  for  three  generations  of  the 
family,  it  scarcely  presents  any  sign  of  decay,  Ix'ing  only 
stunted  by  the  thinness  of  the  soil  in  wliidi   it  grows.     May 


140  C  A  T  A  L  P  A. 

the  venerable  groves  and  splendid  and  curious  trees  of  this 
patriarchal  residence  long  survive  the  waning  existence  of  its 
present  proprietors  !  But  I  fear  the  love  of  change  and  of  gain 
will,  at  no  distant  date,  turn  these  remarks  and  references  into 
a  matter  of  mere  historical  recollection  in  place  of  existing 

facts.* 

The  wood  of  this  species  appears  to  be  hard  and  fine-grained, 
but  it  is  nowhere  in  such  quantity  as  to  make  it  an  object 
of  economy.  That  of  some  of  the  tropical  species  is  highly 
esteemed  for  its  durability  and  hardness. 

The  leaves,  which  drop  off  in  winter,  are  opposite,  unequally 
pinnated,  with  four  or  five  pairs  of  leaflets;  these  are  oval,  long- 
pointed,  serrated  and  acuminated,  smooth  above,  beneath  a 
little  hairy  along  the  vessels.  The  flowers  are  large  and  of  a 
bright  red,  with  the  tube  inclined  to  yellow,  disposed  in  clusters 
at  the  extremities  of  the  branches  and  coming  out  in  a  long 
succession.  The  corolla  is  partly  funnel-formed,  with  the  tube 
about  twice  the  length  of  the  calyx.  The  capsular  pods,  some- 
what cylindric,  are  about  six  to  seven  inches  long,  about  an 
inch  wide,  and  pointed  at  each  end. 

This  species  was  introduced  into  England  as  early  as  the 
year  1G40.  According  to  Loudon,  there  is  one  of  the  finest 
specimens  known  in  Europe  trained  against  the  Palace  Pitti, 
at  Florence,  which  in  1819  was  upward  of  sixty  feet  high. 

PLATE   CIV. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


Catalpa,  {Catalim  syringoefolia,  Sims.,  Bot.  Mag.,  t.  1094. 
Bignonia    Catalpa,  Mich.,  Sylva,  vol.  i.  t.  G4.)      In  a  journey 

*  Since  this  was  written,  '' Bartram's  Garden"  has  been  purchased  by  Col. 
Eastwick,  and  its  trees  and  principal  features  happily  preserved,  at  least  for  the 
beiieiit  of  the  present  generation.      Let  us  hope.  J-  J-  S. 


C  A  T  A  L  r  A.  141 

which  I  made  into  Georgia,  Alabama,  and  West  Florida,  in  1830, 
at  Columbus  in  Georgia,  on  the  banks  of  the  Chattahoochee,  I 
for  the  first  time  in  my  life  beheld  this  tree  decidedly  native, 
forming  small,  haggard,  crooked  trees  leaning  fantastically  over 
the  rocky  banks  of  the  river.  Around  Philadeli^hia,  and  other 
parts  of  the  Middle  and  warmer  States,  it  appears  to  be  per- 
fectly naturalized  and  very  common,  particularly  in  rocky  and 
gravelly  soils.  It  is  a  tree  of  rapid  growth,  with  the  wood 
remarkably  light,  grayish  white,  of  a  fine  texture,  capable  of 
receiving  a  brilliant  polish,  and  when  properly  seasoned  it  is 
very  durable.  The  bark  is  said  to  be  tonic,  stimulant,  and  more 
powerfully  antiseptic  than  the  Peruvian  bark.  The  honey 
collected  from  its  flowers,  like  those  of  the  Gelseminum,  is  said 
to  be  poisonous. 


AY  I C  E  N  N I  A, 

(AVICENNE,  Fr.) 


Xataral   Order,  Myoporin^,   (R.  Brown.)      Limicean   Classifica- 
tion, DiDTNAMIA,  AnGIOSPERMIA. 

AVICE^NIA.*     (Linn.) 

Cahjx  5-parted,  permanent,  leaflets  subovate,  concave,  erect.  Corolla 
mouopetalous,  with  the  tube  short  and  campaniilate ;  the  border 
somewhat  two-lipped ;  the  upper  lip  truncate,  flat,  and  emarginate  ; 
the  lower  trifid,  the  segments  ovate,  equal,  and  flat.  Stamens  four, 
with  subulate  filaments  inclined  to  the  upper  lip,  the  anterior  pair 
shorter;  anthers  roundish,  2-celled.  Stigma  bifld,  acute,  the  lowest 
division  reflected.  Pericarp  a  coriaceous,  somewhat  rhomboidal, 
compressed  capsule  of  one  cell,  with  two  valves.  Seed  one,  large, 
without  albumen,  taking  the  form  of  the  capsule,  the  cotyledons  in 
four  broad,  fleshy  folds,  germinating  while  on  the  tree ;  radicle 
inferior,  bearded. 

Maritime  tropical  or  subtropical  trees  with  opposite  entire  leaves : 
flowers  in  small  terminal  and  axillary  panicles,  with  the  calyx  sub- 
tended by  three  bractes.  A  genus  of  three  species,  chiefly  indigenous 
to  ISTew  Zealand,  Tropical  India,  and  America. 

*  So  named  after  the  famous  Orieutal  pliysieiau  Avicenua. 


142 


PI  ov. 


S<iii  JeiU'fd  . /t'j'ceiniKi 


Aviveiiniii  Iuiuhliosji. 


.  /  'icf'inf  <  \  rl  If  II J I  /'//•'■ 


SOFT-LEATED    AVICENNIA. 

AviCENNiA  TOMEXTOSA,  [Jacquiu.)     FoUis  oblongis  obtiM-s  sulilus  (allien- 

iosis. — WiLLD.,  Sp.  pi.,  vol.  V.  p.  395.     Jacq.,  Am.,  t.  112.      Talis. 

Beauv.,  Flor.,  t.  47.     Browne,  Prod.,  p.  518. 
Bontia  foliis  inkgris  ohlongis  oppositis,  pctioUs  crassis  brevisslmis  suba/n- 

plcxantlbus^  floribus  raccmosis. — Buowxe,  Jamaica,  p.  2Go. 
Halodendrum. — Thouafs  Gen.  Madagasc,  Xo.  26. 
Mangle  lauro-cerasi  foliis,  flore  albo  tdrapdalo. — Sloaxe,  Jam.,  p.  15G; 

Hist.,  vol.  ii.  p.  QQ.     Raj.,  Dendr.,  p.  115. 
Anacardium. — Bauhin,  Pinax.,  p.  511.     Oepata.,  Hhccd,  Malab.,  vol. 

iv.  p.  95,  t.  45.     Sceura,  Forsk.  iEgypt.,  p.  37. 
Mangium  album. — Rumph.,  Amboin.,  vol.  iii.  p.  115,  t.  76. 
Rack. — Bruce,  Iter.,  t.  34. 

The  Avicennia  or  Malacca  Bean,  according  to  Rliecd,  becomes 
a  tall  and  graceful  tree  on  the  coast  of  India,  rising  to  the  height 
of  seventy  feet,  with  a  trunk  of  sixteen  feet  in  circumference, 
sustaining  a  pyramidal  and  somewhat  orbicular  summit  of  dense 
and  dark  verdure.  The  wood  is  whitish,  covered  with  a  gray 
bark,  and  is  employed  for  many  economical  purposes.  The 
kernels,  naturally  bitter,  deprived  of  this  quality  by  steeping 
and  boiling  in  water,  are  then  sufficiently  edible,  and  known  to 
the  Hindoos  by  the  name  of  caril :  an  oil  ma}^  also  be  expressed 
from  them  as  from  the  nuts  of  the  Anacardium. 

The  leaves  are  opposite,  lanceolate-oblong,  obtuse  or  lanceo- 
late and  acute,  entire,  smooth,  and  shining  above,  on  short 
petioles,  beneath  more  or  less  whitish  Avith  a  short  close  to- 
mentum;  they  are  about  three  inches  long,  and  from  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  half  wide.  The  flowers  are  rather  small  and 
whitish,  with  an  agreeable  odor,  and  disposed  at  the  summit  and 
axils  of  the  branches  in  panicles  or  short  racemes  wliich  grow 
often   three   together;    the  divisions  of  the    panicle,  as   in   the 

branches,  are  opposite;  the  peduncles  and  the  calyx  are  whitish 

143 


144  SOFT-LEAVED     AVICENNIA. 

and  tomentose.  The  fruit  resembles  in  form,  and  is  nearly  the 
size  of,  an  almond. 

Scarcely  any  tree  is  more  widely  disseminated  throughout  the 
tropics  than  the  Avicennia;  it  is  commonly  associated  with  the 
Mangle  or  Mangrove,  affecting  the  saline  borders  of  the  ocean 
in  India,  America,  nearly  all  the  groups  of  the  South  Sea 
islands,  and  extends  on  our  part  of  the  continent  from  Texas 
to  Florida,  and  New  Orleans,  near  to  the  estuary  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, where  it  may  often  be  seen  brought  in  the  oyster  and 
fishing  boats  and  called  usually  the  Mangle.  The  roots  spread 
out  in  all  directions  in  arches  over  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and 
send  out,  from  the  mire  in  which  they  grow,  numerous  erect 
naked  shoots,  resembling  asparagus  in  appearance.  I  have  not 
been  able  to  ascertain  its  size  on  our  coast,  but  I  believe  it 
attains  there  a  much  smaller  elevation  than  in  India.  In  the 
herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  are  fine  spe- 
cimens from  Surinam,  collected  by  Dr.  Herring.  In  these  nearly 
all  the  leaves  are  acute,  and  are  furnished  with  conspicuous, 
rather  long  petioles ;  yet,  as  on  the  same  specimens  some  blunt- 
ish  leaves  may  also  be  seen,  it  probably  merely  constitutes  a 
variety  which  may  be  termed  A.  tomentosa  /5*  longifoUa.  The 
plant  of  India  seems  truly  identic  with  our  own. 

Forster  discovered  in  New  Zealand  a  third  species,  which  he 
calls  A.  rcsinifera,  from  its  trunk  transuding  a  green-colored 
gum,  which  the  natives  esteem  as  food.  In  other  respects  it 
scarcely  differs  at  all  from  the  present  SjDecies. 

PLATE   CV. 

A  braiicJi  of  the  natural  size.     a.  lliejiower.     b.  The  fruit. 


PI.  (VI. 


fordia  Seh^stena. 


C  0  R  D  I  A.* 

(Plumier,  Linn.     Sebestier,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  Cordiace^e,  (R.  Brown.)     JAimceau  Clawijini/io//, 

PeNTANDRIA,  MONOGY^'IA. 

Calyx  tubular  or  campanulate,  5-tootLod  or  5-clcft.  Corolla  iiio.stly 
funnel-formed,  the  tube  as  long  or  longer  than  the  calyx ;  the 
border  usually  5-lobed  and  more  or  less  spreading.  Stamens  five 
or  more.  Style  once  or  twice  bifid,  Avith  obtuse  stigmas.  l)nipc 
globular  or  ovate ;  the  nut  2  or  4-celled,  some  of  the  cells  often 
abortive,  cells  1-seeded. 

These  are  trees  or  shrubs  chiefly  of  Intertropical  India  and  America, 
with  alternate  leaves,  the  flowers  disposed  in  axillary  or  tt'rniinal 
corymbs  or  panicles,  and  subject  to  vary  in  the  number  of  their  parts. 


ROUGH-LEAVED    CORDIA. 

CoRDiA   Sebestexa.      Folus  ohhmgo-oratis  rqxoxlris  seabris. — IIasskl- 

QUiST,  Iter.,  p.  458.     Miller,  Diet.,  Xo.  1.     Willd.,  Sp.  i>l..  \<>].  V\. 

p.  1073.     Plum.,  Gen.,  p.  13,  ic.  105.     La.m.,  Ilkist.,  tab.  M,  iig.  1. 

Botan.  Magaz.,  t.  794.     Botan.  Repos.,  t.  157. 
Co-RDJA  foliis  amplioribus  hirtis  ;  tahoforis  subcequaU.—JlRO^ysE,  Jamaic, 

p.  202. 


*  Named  by  Plumier  in  honor  of  Euricius  Cordus  and  his  son  Valerius,  two 

German  botanists  of  the  sixteenth  century.      Sebestcoa  is  from  the  Persian  name 

Sabcsfan. 

Vol.  v.— 10  145 


146  ROUGII-LEAVED     CORDIA. 

Sebestena  scabra,  jiorc  miniato  crispa. — Dillen,  Hort.  Eltliam,  p.  341, 

t.  255,  f.  331. 
Caryophyllus  spurius  inodor us,  folio  suhrotando  scabro,  flore  racemoso  hexa- 

pdalokk  coceineo. — Sloane,  Jam.,  136 ;   Hist-,  vol.  ii.  p.  20,  t.  164. 

Eaii,  Sujipl.,  p.  86.     Catesby,  Carol.,  vol.  ii.  p.  91,  t.  91. 
Novella  rd<jra. — Rumpu.,  Amboiua,  vol.  ii.  p.  226,  t.  75.     Burm.,  IucL, 

p.  59. 

This  fine  ornamental  species  is  a  native  of  the  East  and  West 
Indies,  and  has  recently  been  observed  on  Key  West  in  East 
Florida,  by  our  friend  Dr.  Blodgett.  It  becomes  a  tree  about  the 
size  of  an  ordinary  Apple  Tree,  with  a  spreading  dark-green 
summit,  and  affords,  in  the  tropical  regions  it  inhabits,  a  most 
agreeable  shade.  Bruce  remarks  that  in  Abyssinia,  and  in  other 
parts  of  Africa,  this  or  a  nearly-allied  species  is  held  sacred,  and 
commonly  planted  before  the  houses  of  the  inhabitants.  With- 
out being  venerated,  it  is  in  the  Sandwich  Islands  a  favorite  tree 
of  common  occurrence  in  the  vicinity  of  the  habitations,  and 
admired  for  the  beauty  of  its  flowers. 

The  leaves  are  large,  ovate-oblong,  and  scabrous  to  the  touch, 
nearly  entire  when  fully  expanded.  The  flowers  are  deep  yellow 
or  orange,  in  large  terminal  corymbose  racemes,  in  form  very 
much  resembling  those  of  the  Marvel  of  Peru,  (MiraUlis,)  being 
funnel-shaped,  with  the  border  of  five  or  six  oval-obtuse,  waved, 
and  crenulated  divisions.  The  stamens  are  five,  and  the  stigmas 
are  twice  bifid.  The  fruit  is  a  round  or  i^yriform  drujDO,  contain- 
ing a  deeply-furrowed  nut. 

According  to  Catesljy,  the  wood  of  this  species  is  of  a  dark 
brown,  approaching  to  black,  very  ponderous,  and  containing 
nuu'h  gum,  in  smell  and  appearance  resembling  that  of  Aloes, 
and  it  is  l)y  the  inhabitants  of  the  Bahama  Islands,  where  it 
grows,  called  Ligiunn  Aloes.  ]5rowne  says,  that  a  small  piece  of 
llio  wood  put  on  a  pan  of  lighted  coals  will  perfume  a  whole 
liouso.  From  the  juice  of  the  leaves,  mixed  with  that  of  a 
species  ol"  iig,  is   proj)ared   the  fine   red  color  Avith  which  the 


n  (Ml 


Cordia  Florid  an  a. 

Floridu  CordLO .  ■  >''/>r.-0.r  </,:■  /■7„r,J,s 


F  L  0  R  I  D  A     C  0  R  D  I  A.  147 

natives  of  Tahiti  dyo  their  tapas  or  eh)tli.  The  diiipcs  are  said 
to  be  eatable,  and  also  to  afiord  an  excellent  iihie  when  tliev  are 
ripe.  A  syrup  of  the  fruit  is,  in  the  East,  reputed  as  a  remedy 
for  the  same  diseases  as  that  of  the  ConJla  Myxa. 

PLATE   CYI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size. 


FLORIDA  CORDIA. 

CoRDiA  FLorviDANA.     Fol/'is  ohloDfjis  ohovntis  ]xirrulis  ivtegr/s  scahcrrinns 
suhtus  glahris,  corymhis  terriimalibus  divhotomis,  sfi/Jit;  fiijidls. 

This  species,  which  does  not  appear  to  be  descri])ed,  was  found 
at  Key  West  in  East  Florida,  by  our  friend  Dr.  Blodgett,  who 
remarks  that  it  becomes  a  tree  of  twenty  feet  elevation;  and, 
if  at  all  like  the  G.  gerascanthus  or  S^oanish  Elm  of  Jamaica,  is 
entitled  to  consideration  as  an  excellent  timber. 

The  twigs  in  our  plant  are  slender  and  diverging,  covei-ed  ^\  itli 
a  bro'wnish  gra}'",  smooth  bark.  The  leaves  ajDpear  to  be  thiclv 
and  rigid,  as  in  evergreens,  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
by  a  half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch  wide;  they  are  oljlong  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  and  often  rounded  above,  narrowed  below  into  a 
minute  petiole,  very  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface,  dai-lv  green 
and  shining,  beneath  paler  and  very  smootli,  as  well  as  thi'  }oung 
twigs.  The  flowers,  rather  conspicuous,  are  bright  yellow,  and 
formed  into  a  termmal  branching  corymjj.  The  calyx  is  cam- 
panulate,  with  a  five-cleft  acute  border,  nearly  smootli  externally, 
and  villous  wdthin.  The  tube  of  the  corolla  extends  beyond  the 
calyx;  the  border  is  five-lobed,  with  obtuse,  broadish  segments^ 
the  stamens,  five,  are  linear,  long,  and  acute,  situated  above  the 


148  CORDIA     MYXA.  ' 

orifice  of  tlie  corolla.  The  drupe  is  about  the  .size  of  a  pea,  and 
contains  a  nut  with  four  cells  and  four  seeds.  The  style  is  bifid, 
and  the  stigmas  capitate,  flat,  and  emarginate. 

PLATE   CVII. 

A  branch  of  the  nalaral  size.     a.  A  transverse  section  of  the  nut,  showing 

the  four  seeds. 


The  fruit  of  the  Cordia  Mijxa  or  Assyrian  Plum,  which  is  of 
an  aa-reeable  taste,  has  been  esteemed  a  valuable  medicine  in  dis- 
orders  of  the  chest  and  urinary  passages,  but  is  not  now  used 
officinally.  The  East  Indians  eat  it  macerated  in  salt  and  vine- 
gar as  a  remedy  for  diarrhoea.  An  excellent  glue  also  is  made 
of  the  pulp,  which  is  more  viscid  than  that  of  the  jujube.  The 
West  India  species,  Cordia  coUococca  or  Clammy  Cherry,  has  an 
edible  fruit  from  which  also  a  glue  has  been  made,  and  hence 
also  the  specific  name. 


1  vy\\\. 


jxii.'i  (.'re  i(l(Mit:»lis 


"R7..V'.  / " ', .. 


'/In  f(ii/fi 


T II E    Y  E  ^y. 

(If,  Fr.) 


Natural   Order,  Taxine.e,      (Richard.)     Liiniaxm   Classification, 
Dkecia,  Monadelphia. 

TAXUS.*     (TouRN.    Linn.) 

DiCECious. — 3Tale  Jloicer  composed  of  imbricated  bud-scales,  eoimato 
at  base.  Siaminifcroiis  column  exserted,  the  stamens  six  to  tburteeii, 
forming  a  capitate  cluster.  Anthers  peltate,  5  to  8-celled,  the  cells 
opening  from  beneath.  The  Pistillate  (or  fertile  flower)  the 
same  as  the  male,  but  solitary.  The  fruit,  a  nut  iinhoihh'd  in  a 
translucent  succulent  cup.  Embryo  inverted,  in  the  axis  of  the 
perisperm :  cotyledons  two,  very  short. 

Trees  or  rarely  shrubs  indigenous  to  the  temperate  and  colder 
regions  of  both  continents;  leaves  narrow,  rigid,  acerose  and  sem- 
pervirent,  near  together  and  distichally  spreading;  the  buds  axillary 
and  sessile,  composed  of  imbricated  bractes :  the  leaves  in  vernation 
or  before  development,  appressed. 

The  plants  of  the  present  order,  Taxineje,  inhabit  temperate  cli- 
mates over  the  whole  globe,  but  are  most  frequent  in  the  southern 
hemisphere;  between  the  tropics  of  the  Old  AVorld  they  also  occur, 
but  rarely. 

WESTERN   YEW. 

Taxus  brevifolta.  Ful'ds  Imearihus  lirevihus  j^tMniascuUs  abnqjte  mwro- 
vulatis  distichis,  rcceptacidis  mascvlJs  svbf/Iofjosis,  anthrrts  winorihus. 
Taxus  baccata.  Hooker,  in  part  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  1G7. 

This  species  of  Yew,  so  much  like  tliat  of  Euro])o.  occupies  a 
distinguished  pLice  in  the  dense  maritime  Ibrcsts  of  the  Oregon, 

*  rrubaijly  from  the  (I reek,   Tdxuh,  a  Imw. 

149 


150  WESTERN    YEW. 

and  probably  extends  to  the  north  as  flir  as  Nootka,  being  hardy 
like  its  European  prototype,  but  inclined  to  grow  taller,  and 
more  slender.  Its  usual  height  is  from  forty  to  sixty  feet,  and 
we  observed  no  trees  of  more  than  about  two  to  three  feet  in 
diameter.  The  wood  has  the  same  close  and  almost  invisible 
grain  as  that  of  Europe,  of  a  beautiful  white  color,  slightly  in- 
clining to  yellow  in  the  branches;  with  the  character  of  the 
older  wood  I  am  unacquainted,  but  believe  it  to  be  extremely 
similar  to  that  of  the  Common  Yew,  {Taxus  haccata,)  for  which 
our  plant  might  easily  be  mistaken.  The  leaves  are,  however, 
shorter  and  thinner,  sharply  and  abruptly  terminated  with  a 
bristly  point,  and  below  attenuated  into  a  short  but  more 
distinct  petiole.  From  the  European  plant  it  also  differs  in  its 
leaves,  acquiring,  when  dead  and  dried,  a  strong  and  bright 
ferruginous  tint.  The  male  flowers  are  much  smaller,  and  more 
similar  to  those  of  the  Canadian  Yew,  [T.  Canadensis,)  with  the 
scales  of  the  perianth  imbricated  in  three  pairs  instead  of  five. 
The  stamens  are  nine  to  eleven,  with  the  anthers  only  about 
half  the  magnitude  of  those  of  the  Common  Yew.  The  nut, 
as  usual,  is  seated  in  the  bottom  of  a  translucent  red  succulent 
cup.     The  leaves  are  from  five  to  seven-tenths  of  an  inch  long. 

The  Y"ew  of  Europe,  indigenous  to  Britain,  and  as  far  north 
as  Norway  and  Sweden,  usually  affects  rocky  and  mountainous 
countries.  It  is  very  robust,  grows  slowly,  and  is  attacked  by 
no  insect.  In  the  sombre  valleys  of  the  Lower  Alps,  the  Yew 
is  seen  in  all  its  natural  majesty,  among  steep  rocks  in  forests 
lis  ancient  as  the  world,  and  planted  by  the  hand  of  nature. 

The  wood  of  the  Y\nv  is  considered  one  of  the  most  valuable 
in  Eur()])e,  and,  for  beauty,  not  inferior  to  the  finest  and  most 
curious  sorts  of  India.  Both  the  root  and  trunk  furnish,  at 
tlioir  lamifications,  pieces  of  wood  beautifully  veined  and  marked, 
A\hich  are  highly  prized  for  furniture.  It  has  in  a  high  degree 
all  tlie  good  qualities  which  we  find  so  seldom  united,  such  as 
durability,  solidity,  elasticity,  hardness   and   fineness  of  grain, 


WESTERN    YEW.  151 

even  Avlien  exposed  either  to  the  air  or  ^vater.  The  sap-wood  or 
outer  hijer  is  of  a  shining  a\ hite.  the  inner  or  perfect  wood  of  a 
fine  red  color,  and  hoth  take  a  polish  as  perfect  as  nuirhle.  It  is 
wrought  Avith  facility,  and  is  suitable  for  every  thing  which 
requires  strength  and  durability,  such  as  wheels,  axle-trees, 
screws,  the  teeth  of  mill-wheels,  and  for  water-pipes.  It  makes 
beautiful  furniture,  vases,  &c.  Inlaid  work,  sculpture,  and 
ancient  coats  of  arms  of  this  wood,  may  be  seen  in  the  old 
churches  and  halls  of  Europe,  in  a  state  of  perfect  preservation, 
and  free  from  worms,  after  a  lapse  of  more  than  fi\e  hundred 
years.  The  sap-wood,  though  of  as  pure  a  white  as  that  of  the 
Holly,  is  easily  dyed  of  a  jet  black,  when  it  puts  on  the  appear- 
ance of  ebony.  A  single  tree  is  sometimes  worth  one  hundred 
pounds.  The  bows  most  esteemed  among  the  ancients  were 
made  of  this  w^ood,  whose  perpetual  elasticity  rendered  it  un- 
rivalled for  this  important  use.  The  aborigines  of  Oregon  are 
also  now  in  the  habit  of  selecting  the  Yew  of  their  forests  for 
the  same  purpose.  It  is  the  heaviest  of  any  w^ood  in  Europe,  a 
cubic  foot  weighing  sixty-one  pounds  seven  ounces  French 
weight. 

The  Y'ews  for  their  use,  no  less  than  their  sondjrc  grandeur 
and  funeral  aspect,  were  planted  in  all  the  old  churchyards. 
According  to  the  ancient  j)oets,  the  Styx  and  Acheron  were 
overshadowed  by  their  enduring  and  lugubrious  verdui'e.  The 
conic  form  of  its  summit,  and  the  density  of  its  foliage,  alwa}s 
green  and  insensible  to  the  changes  of  seasons  and  of  years,  gave 
it  a  character  of  solemnity  and  repose,  characteristic  of  tomljs 
and  mortality. 

It  w^as  formerly  much  cultivated  about  gardens,  houses,  and 
pleasure-grounds,  and  clipped  into  various  fantastic  shapes  of 
beasts,  birds,  &c.;  but  this  taste  for  the  grotesque  is  justly 
exploded,  and  the  Y^ew  is  now  seldom  seen  in  cultivation  i-ither 
for  use  or  ornament.  This  usage  still,  it  appears,  exists  in 
Flanders  and  Holland;   and  we  see  very  large  Y^ews  represent- 


152  W  E  S  T  E  R  N    Y  E  W. 

ing  colossal  figures  of  animals,  globes,  towers,  chandeliers,  araied 
■warriors,  liunters  with  their  guns,  men  smoking  their  pipes !  &c. 

The  antiquity  of  the  Yew  is  as  surprising  as  any  other  of  its 
properties.  Mirbel  counted  in  a  slice  of  Yew,  twenty  inches  in 
diameter,  two  hundred  and  eighty  annual  layers;  and  Mr. Pen- 
nant mentions  a  Yew  in  Fortingal  churchyard,  in  the  Highlands 
of  Scotland,  whose  ruins  measured  fifty-six  and  a  half  feet  in 
circumference,  and  which  was  in  all  probability  a  flourishing 
tree  at  the  commencement  of  the  Christian  era.  The  ordinary 
height  of  the  Yew  is,  however,  seldom  more  than  twenty-five  to 
forty  feet. 

In  twenty  years  it  will  attain  the  height  of  fifteen  feet,  and  it 
will  continue  growing  for  one  hundred  years,  after  which  it 
becomes  comparatively  stationary,  but  will  live  for  many  cen- 
turies. According  to  Loudon,  the  largest  tree  of  this  kind  in 
England  is  in  Harlington  churchyard,  near  Hounslow,  which  is 
fifty-eight  feet  high,  with  a  trunk  of  nine  feet  and  a  head  of  fifty 
feet  in  diameter.  The  oldest  are  at  Fountain's  Abbey,  where 
they  are  supposed  to  have  been  large  trees  at  the  time  the  abbey 
was  founded,  in  1132.  The  trunk  of  one  of  them  is  twenty-six 
feet  six  inches  in  circumference  at  three  feet  from  the  ground. 
The  Aukerwyke  Yew,  near  Staines,  is  supposed  to  be  upward  of 
one  thousand  years  old. 

The  leaves  are  poisonous  to  horned  cattle  and  horses,  though 
the  berries  are  inoficnsive.  Cattle  so  afiected  run  about  in 
fury  and  delirium,  and  at  length  drop  down  dead.  Three 
children,  according  to  Dr.  Percival,  of  Manchester,  Avere  poisoned 
dead  in  a  few  hours  by  taking  a  small  dose  of  the  green  leaves, 
as  a  remedy  for  Avorms;  but  they  appeared  to  have  sufiered  no 
pain,  and,  after  death,  looked  as  though  they  were  in  a  placid 
sleep.     The  best  antidotes  to  this  poison  are  oily  substances. 

PLATE  CVIII. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  A  twig  bearing  a  bcrr>j. 


ri.cix. 


Teu' Leut'cd  Torrei-u  .  '  'Jlyrrnyi    'u  /J /a'//,  y  tilf. 


rl^ 


T  0 11 11 E  Y  A. 

(Arxott.) 


Natural    Order,    Taxixe^e,   (Ricliard.)      Llnnaxiu    Cla-'^sijiadioii, 
DlCECI A,  MOX ADELPl  II A. 

DicECious. — 3Iale  aments  subglobose,  at  length  elongated.  Scales 
stamiuiferous,  pedicellate,  subpeltate,  one-sided,  each  bearing  a  4- 
celled  pendulous  anther.  Female  anient  ovate,  1-flowcrcd,  the  base 
with  imbricated  bractcs  in  the  same  manner  as  in  the  male.  Xo 
fleshy  h3^pogynous  disk,  Oculam  erect.  >SVt(^  naked,  large  and 
ovate,  with  the  bractes  at  its  base  not  becoming  enlarged,  the  shell 
thick,  carnosely  coriaceous,  within  fibrous,  integument  hard  and 
crustaceous.  J.?6i<?7icw  ruminate,  ^///.ir^o  subcylindric  and  short; 
cotyledons  connate. 

An  evergreen  tree  resembling  the  A^ew,  with  spreading  distichally- 
forked  branchlets.  Leaves  distichal,  linear,  rigid,  bilineate,  mucro- 
nately  pungent. 


YEW-LEAVED    TORREYA. 

ToRREYA  TAXIFOLIA.     Aruott,  in  Hook.,  Icon,  riant.  Ined.,  V(d.  iii.  i^art 
5,  t.  132,  133.     (Exclude  the  Synonym  of  Toxus  iiiuidana,  Xltt.) 

This  stately  evergreen,  resembling  the  Yew,  was  discovered 
in  Middle  Florida,  by  the  late  lamented  II.  B.  Crooni,  of  Talla- 


*  Named  iu  liouor  of  the  well-knuwu  butuui.^t,  rrufc^.sur  Turruy,  uf  X.w  Vnrk. 
v.— 10*  ^^^ 


154  YEW-LEAVED     TORREYA. 

hasscG,  and  is  sufficiently  abundant  around  Aspalaga  to  be  used 
as  timber  and  sawed  into  planks.  According  to  Professor  Torrej 
and  Mr.  Croom,  it  is  a  tree  of  from  six  to  eighteen  inches  in 
diameter,  and  from  twenty  to  forty  feet  high,  with  numerous 
spreading  branches,  the  branchlets  dividing  into  trees :  its  appear- 
ance at  a  distance  is  not  unlike  to  that  of  the  Hemlock  Spruce, 
[Allies  Ccuiadensls.)  The  wood  in  the  section  given  me  by  Dr. 
Torrey  is  rather  light,  not  very  close-grained,  and  of  a  yellow- 
ish-white color,  almost  like  that  of  some  of  the  Pines;  it  is, 
probably,  however,  only  the  sap-wood,  for  in  old  trees  it  is  said 
to  be  of  a  reddish  color,  like  that  of  the  Red  Cedar,  {Juniperus 
Virginiana.)  It  has  a  strong  and  peculiar  odor,  especially  when 
bruised  or  burnt,  and  hence  it  is  frequently  called,  in  the  coun- 
try where  it  grows,  "Stinking  Cedar;"  it  makes  excellent  rails 
for  fence,  and  is  not  liable  to  the  attack  of  insects.  A  blood-red 
turpentine,  of  a  pasty  consistence,  flows  sparingly  from  the  bark, 
which  is  soluble  in  alcohol,  forming  a  deep,  clear  solution,  and 
when  heated  evolves  a  very  powerful  terebinthinous  but  un- 
pleasant odor. 

The  foliage  is  much  like  that  of  the  Yew,  but  the  leaves  are 
In'oader  and  marked  with  two  longitudinal  lines.  The  ripe 
iVuit,  or  rather  seed,  is  as  large  as  a  nutmeg;  it  has  no  fleshy 
cup,  as  in  the  Yew,  but  the  external  coat  of  the  seed  itself  is 
carnose  or  rather  leathery,  and  covers  the  wdiole,  leaving  a 
minute  perforation  at  the  summit.  The  seed,  when  deprived  of 
its  succulent  external  covering',  bears  a  strono:  resemblance  to 
the  gland  of  a  large  oak.  The  round  male  aments  resemble 
those  of  the  Yew,  Ijut  are  much  larger,  and  furnished  with  im- 
bricated scales  or  l)ractes  at  the  base. 

According  to  Mr.  Croom,  it  is  found  on  the  calcareous  hills 
nloiig  the  east  l)ank  of  the  Appalachee  River,  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Flint  and  Chattahoochee,  and  on  Flat  Creek  of  the  same 
stream,  as  well  as  copiously  on  the  borders  of  the  Aspalaga. 
Besides  these  localities  of  this  fine  tree.  Professor  Torre}'  writes 


TAXUS     NUCIFERA.  155 

to  me  that  it  has  lately  been  found  south  oi'  the  Suanua.  lie 
also  adds,  "I  have  another  Taxoid  yet  nndescribed,  given  me 
by  Croom.  It  is  an  erect  tree,  often  thirty  feet  high,  ^vitl^ 
foliage  and  male  flowers  resembling  the  European  Yew."  To 
this  plant  I  doubtfully  attached  the  name  of  Taxiis  inontuna  ;  and 
a  recent  specimen  from  Mr.  Croom,  accom[);ini('d  1)y  a  jiiijx'r  of 
the  fruit,  now  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural 
Science  of  Philadelphia,  is  marked  llixiis'--  Florldana.  This  spe- 
cies, from  what  I  have  seen,  is  scarcely  distinct  from  our  T. 
hrevlfoUa,  yet  it  occupies  a  very  different  geographical  range. 

PLATE   CIX. 

ToRREYA  TAXiFOLiA.  A  branch  of  the  male  j^Iauf,  nafural  !<izc.  a.  Jfik' 
amentum,  h.  Back-view  of  one  of  the  stanujis  m<i(infu(L  c  lu/nale 
anient  and  ocide,  magnified,  d.  Section  cf  the  ripe  seed.  e.  Gcnitinating 
seed. 


Taxus  NUCIFERA  of  Tliunbcrg  and  Ksempfer  is,  according  to 
Mr.  Grey,  also  a  species  of  Torreija,  as  is  likewise,  according  io 
Zuccarini,  the  T.  nucifera  of  Wallich  from  Nepaul.  The  former 
is  a  native  of  the  northern  provinces  of  Japan.  Ka>mpfer 
describes  it  as  a  lofty  tree,  with  many  opposite  scaly  branches, 
producing  a  light  wood:  the  nut  is  said  to  be  coated  and  above 
an  inch  long;  the  oil  of  the  kernel  is  in  use  for  euhnary  pur- 
poses, but  is  too  astringent  to  be  generally  esteemed. 


JUNIPER. 

(Le  Gexevrier,  Fr.) 


Natural  Order,  Cupeessin^,   (Richard.)     Limicean  Classification^ 

DiCECIA,  MONADELPHIA. 

JUNIPERUS.*     (Linn.) 

Flowers  mostly  dicecious. — Male  anient  globose,  small.  Stamens 
man}',  naked,  inserted  around  a  common  axis;  filaments  eccen- 
trically peltate,  imbricate,  cells  of  the  anthers  three  to  six.  Female 
aments  axillar}^,  ovate,  the  base  surrounded  with  imbricate  bractes. 
Scales  of  the  iuvolucrum  three  to  six,  united  at  the  base,  with  one 
to  three  ovules.  Jfruit  drupaceous,  scaly  at  base,  the  involucrum 
becoming  a  berry,  umbilicate  at  the  apex,  and  with  bony  seeds. 
Seeds  one  to  three,  erect,  subtriquetrous.  Embryo  inverted,  situated 
in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy  albumen.  Cotyledons  two,  oblong;  radicle 
cylindric,  superior. 

Large  or  small  trees  inhabiting  the  mountainous  regions  of  the 
ancient  continent,  more  rare  in  North  America;  the  branches  erect 
or  pendulous,  leaves  imbricated,  mostly  minute,  rigid,  and  semper- 
virent,  resembling  scales,  of  a  linear-lanceolate  form;  the  buds 
nuked. 

*  From  the  Q^AiAQ  jcnq)rus,  rough  or  rude. 


15b 


PI  ex 


.Tinu^f  riis  J^ndina. 


jRocAi- Moanfcun  Juaji/wt 


(itJU  rr-ier  tie  J  (/"'/*•! 


ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  JUXirER. 

JuNiPEKUS  AXDINA.  liamis  imtodlhus,  foUls  qxailrifdri'ii/i  iinhrtnilh 
ovaiis  obtusiuseuUs  convexis  apicc  subcarinaiis,  C(jl(Uidalo6is,  baccis  may- 
nts,  caulc  arbor co. 

JuxiPERUS  Occldcnialis? — Hooker,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  lOG. 

Ox  passing  a  gorge  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  or  Norlhern 
Andes,  and  approaching  Lewis's  River  of  the  Oregon,  we  iirst 
observed  this  curious  and  elegant  tree,  accompanying  groves 
of  the  American  Cembra  Pine,  spreading  for  miles  along  the 
declivity  of  the  mountain,  and  in  an  opposite  direction  ascend- 
ing well  toward  the  summit  of  a  mountain  which  still  presented 
patches  of  snow  in  the  month  of  July,  under  the  latitude  of  about 
42  degrees.  It  attains  nearly  the  height  of  our  Virginian  Juni- 
per, or  "Red  Cedar,"  growing  up  about  fifteen  to  twenty  feet, 
but  presents  a  very  different  aspect,  the  stem  ending  in  a 
roundish  and  not  a  conic  top.  The  foliage  is  also  of  a  glau- 
cous or  bluish  green.  The  leaves  are  all  closely  appressed,  and 
imbricated  in  three  or  four  rows,  the  older  ones  on  the  stem 
acute,  the  proper  leaves  minute,  rather  blunt,  remarkaljle  for 
their  convexity,  and  without  any  glands:  the  Ijrancldcts  are 
numerous  and  complicated.  The  berries  unusually  large,  lai'ger 
than  those  of  the  Common  Juniper,  (/.  comniuuls,)  dark  brown 
and  glaucous,  w^itli  distinct  vestiges  of  the  scales  which  compose 
them. 

This  plant  is,  no  doubt,  the  Jaidperiis  excelsa  of  Pursh.  but 

not  the  plant  of  Pallas,  according  to  specimens  which  J  huvi' 

examined  from  Tauria.     lie  speaks  of  it  as  collected  by  Captain 

Lewis,  on  the  banks  of  the  waters  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 

calls  it  a  lofty,  elegant  tree;    but  we   never  saw  it  near  any 

stream,  but  on  the  dry  declivities  of  mountains,  and,  as  a  tree, 

it  is  neither  tall  nor  elegant,  but  sulliciently  singular  and  inte- 

157 


158  B  A  R  ]3  A  D  0  E  S     C  E  D  A  R. 

resting.  The  plant  mentioned  by  Pallas  was  observed  in  the 
Crimea.  It  grew  erect  like  a  Cyjiress,  with  the  trunk  often  a 
foot  in  diameter.  Comparing  it  with  the  Savin,  (/.  sabina,)  he 
says,  the  leaves  are  more  slender  and  distinct,  acute,  and  rather 
prominently  imbricate,  like  the  leaves  of  the  Tamarisk.  The 
opposite  applies  to  our  plant;  the  leaves  are  thicker,  shorter, 
and  more  closely  imbricated,  so  as  not  to  be  visible  in  profde. 

Our  plant  appears  to  be  nearly  allied,  if  not  identical,  with  the 
J.  OccidentaUs  of  Hooker,  but  the  leaves  are  certainly  without 
any  appearance  of  glands,  and  the  branchlets  are  angular. 
Douglas's  plant  was  found  on  the  higher  parts  of  the  Columbia, 
and  at  the  base  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  it  attained  a 
height  of  sixty  to  eighty  feet  and  a  diameter  of  from  two  to 
three  feet,  dimensions  also  greatly  at  variance  with  the  present 
species. 

PLATE   ex. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  ivith  fruit. 


Barbadoes  Cedar,  [Juniperus  Barhadensis.)  With  the  leaves 
imbricated  in  four  rows,  the  younger  ones  ovate,  and  the  older 
acute.  This  species  of  Willdenow,  said  by  Michaux  and  Pursh 
to  inhabit  the  coast  of  Florida  and  the  Bahama  Islands,  appears 
to  be  merely  a  variety  of  J.  Vlrginiana,  our  common  species. 
If  any  thing,  the  leaves  are  somewhat  more  closely  imbricated, 
and,  apparently,  none  of  them  spreading.  The  same  variety  is 
probably  more  or  less  spread  over  the  whole  of  the  United 
States,  as  I  have  collected  specimens  in  Massachusetts,  which 
cannot  be  distinguished  from  others  from  the  West  Indies. 
Like  our  ordinary  species,  it  also  becomes  a  tree  of  twenty  or 
more  feet  in  heijrht. 


*o' 


Savin,  [Juniperus  sabina)     This  species,  apparently  the  same 
with  that  of  Europe,  is  indigenous  from  Canada  to  Maine.     It  is 


RED     CEDAR.  159 

not  uncommon  in  the  vicinity  of  Portland,  rctaiiiin--  i(s  usiimI 
dwarf  habit.  Pursh's  xavwiy,  j^rcx-tnuhn/s^  I  have  seen  aloii--  {] 
shores  of  Lake  Huron.  It  is  a  very  distinct  s[)ecies,  lu-ln-  w  1 
prostrate,  and  spreading  along  the  ground  in  very  wide  circles. 
According  to  Pallas,  there  is  also  a  procumbent  sju-cics  on  (|,c 
borders  of  the  Tanais  with  the  brandies  extending  on  tlic  sand 
for  several  fathoms. 


IC 

loll\- 


Eed  Cedar,  (Juni/perm  Yiruriiiana)  "West  of  tlic  ^Mississij)))! 
this  tree  a2:)i)ears  on  the  high  abrupt  banks  of  tlie  Plalte.  ])ar- 
ticularly  at  Scott's  Bluffs.  The  "Black  Hills,"  or  most  (^istcin 
chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  are  so  called  prcjljablj-  from  the 
dark  Red  Cedars  and  Pines  with  which  the}-  are  thicldy  scattered. 
The  borders  of  Bear  River,  of  Lake  Timpanogos,  and,  in  slioii. 
the  whole  range  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  clear  over  to  the 
borders  of  the  Brulee,  a  stream  of  the  Oregon,  are  all  more  or 
less  clad  and  decorated  with  our  familiar  Juniper.  It  is  also  said 
to  become  one  of  the  highest  timber  trees  in  the  island  of  ,Ia- 
maica,  afibrding  very  large  boards  of  a  reddish-ljrown  color,  of  a 
close  grain,  odoriferous  and  ofiensive  to  insects,  and  is  tlieicl()re 
of  great  use  to  the  cabinet-maker. 

In  Sussex  county,  New  Jersey,  near  Franklin  Furnace,  I  ha\e 
seen  trees  of  the  Red  Cedar  tifty  to  sixty  feet  high,  and  with  a 
diameter  of  two  feet.  There  are  now  in  (!erniantoN\  ii.  I'a..  on  i  he 
estate  formerly  of  Mr.  Shoemaker,  one  or  two  trees  remaining  t  hat 
are  one  hundred  and  forty  years  old,  and  seventy-lixc  to  eii^hty 
feet  high  by  two  feet  in  diameter  or  upw  ard. 

With  Mr.  Crout,  a  caiji net-maker  here,  I  have  seen  a  small 
table  made  from  the  heart  of  Red  Cedar,  which  i-eceixcs  an 
exquisite  polish,  presents  much  variety  of  (ignre.  and  is  of  the 
most  beautiful  crimson  that  can  1)e  inuvjined. 


EYERGREEN   TAXODIUM. 


Natural  Order,  CuPRESSiN^,  (Eicliard.)     Linncean  Classification, 

M0N(ECIA,  MOjSTADELPHIA. 

Taxodium  sempervirens.  Folds  imxmiantlhus  distidds  Uncaribus  cicuiis 
coriaccis  glahris  opcuds. — Lambert's  Pines,  (ed.  2,)  tab.  64.  Loudon, 
Arboret.,  vol.  iv.  p.  2487,  figs.  2340  aud  2341.  Hooker  and  Arnott, 
Lot.  Beech.,  Suppl.,  p.  392. 

Co^'DYLocARPUS. — Salisbury. 

This  remarkable  species^  which  is  said  to  be  evergreen,  was 
discovered  by  Mr.  Menzies  on  the  northwest  coast  of  America  in 
1796,  and  immense  trees  of  it  were  found  by  Dr.  Coulter  in  1836. 

The  leaves  are  linear,  acute,  and  distichous,  coriaceous  and 
smooth,  opaque,  and  shining  on  both  sides,  keeled  beneath,  flat 
on  the  margin,  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,  half  a  line  broad, 
and  decurrent  on  the  branch.  The  galbulus  (or  fruit)  is  terminal, 
solitary,  roundish,  with  short  imbricated  scales  at  the  base,  the 
scales  trapezoidal,  peltate,  thick,  and  woody;  rough  above,  and 
radiately  striated,  depressed  in  the  centre,  terminating  Ix^low  in 
a  thick  angidar  pedicel.  Seeds  many  to  a  single  scale,  angular 
and  yellowish.  Probably  a  different  genus  from  Taxodium,  as 
conjectured  l)y  Salisbury. 

It  is  thus   alluded  to  by  Douglas  in  the  "Companion  to  the 

Botanical  Magazine,"  vol.  ii.  p.  150: — "But  the  great  beauty  of 

the  Californian  vegetation  is  a  species  of  Taxodium,  which  gives 

the  mountains  a  most  peculiar,  I  was  almost  going  to  say  awful, 

a])j)('nrance, — something  which  plainly  tells  that  we   are  not  in 

Europe.     1  have  repeatedly  measured  specimens  of  this  tree  two 
100 


BALD     CYrRESS.  161 

Imudred  and  seventy  feet  long,  and  tliirtj-two  lect  loiiiid  at  tliivc 
feet  above  the  ground.  Some  few  I  saw  upward  of  llncc  Iniiidicd 
feet  liigli,  but  none  in  which  the  thickness  was  greater  than  thuse 
I  have  instanced. 


BaldCypeess,  {Taxodkimdisiiclium,  Cuprcssus  dist'wha.  AVii.i.d.) 
Dr.  G.  Engehnann  informs  me  that  the  most  northern  si  a f  ion  in 
the  West  for  this  tree  is  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  and  Ix'twcrn 
Mount  Carniel  and  Vincennes  on  the  Wabasli. 


Vol.  V— II 


ARE  O  R-V  ITiE. 

(L'Arbre  de  Vie,  Fr.) 


Nahiral    Order,    CurRESSiN^,     (Richard.)     Limiajan    .Glassijwa<- 

tion,  MONCECIA,  MONADELPIIIA. 
THUJA.*      (TOURNEFORT.) 

MoNCECious. — Male  anient  terminal,  small,  and  ovoid.  Stamens  many, 
naked,  inserted  on  a  common  axis,  filaments  eccentricallj  peltate, 
loosely  imbricated ;  an/Aer-s  4-celled,  opening  lengthways.  Female 
anient  terminal,  small;  the  scales  spreading,  imbricated  in  four 
ranks.  Ovules  a  pair  at  the  base  of  each  scale,  erect.  The  strobile 
formed  of  imbricated  woody  scales,  each  having  a  reflected  mucro- 
nate  sub  terminal  point.  Seeds  under  each  scale  two,  with  a  long  or 
membranaceous  testa,  on  each  side  winged.  The  embryo  inserted 
in  the  axis  of  a  fleshy  albumen  of  its  own  length:  cotyledons  two, 
oblong;  radicle  superior. 

Sempervirent  trees  of  Asia  and  North  America,  with  compressed 
branchlets,  clothed  with  minute  compressed  and  imbricated  ovate 
leaves,  with  the  buds  naked. 


GIGANTIC   ARBOR-VITiE. 

Thuja  gigantea,  (Nuttall,  Plants  of  Rocky  Mountains,  p.  52. f) 
Ttamis  ranuiUsquc  comj^rcssis  erectis,  foliis  ovatls  acutis  arete  quadrifariam 
imhricatis  mtermcd'ds  convexis  piindo  iinjyi'csso  eiubcrculatis,  strohdis  arete 
rcflcxis. — Hooker,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  165. 

*  Derived  from  Ouov,  sacrifice,  in  reference  to  its  use  in  tlie  East. 

f  Journal  ui'  the  Acadeinj'  of  Natural  Sciences,  IMiiladelphia,  vol.  vii. 


ViVX\ 


(ri^iinh.c      Oritur  Vitac  Tkma- ^  antesi/i' 


GIGANTIC     A  R  B  0  R  -V  I  T  2E.  100 

Thuja  3Tcnz(CsiL — Douglas  MSS. 

TuvJA  plicida. — Lamiiert,  Pin.,  Xo.  61,  (in  part.) 

This  is  one  of  the  most  majestic  trees  west  of  the  Iiockv 
Moimtams,  attaining  the  height  of  sixty  to  one  huiuhcd  and 
seventy  or  even  two  hundred  feet,  and  being  twenty  to  iorty 
feet  in  the  circumference  of  the  trunk.  On  the  shores  of  (he 
Pacific,  where  this  species  is  frequent,  it  nowlicre  attains  the 
enormous  dimensions  attributed  to  it  in  tlie  fertile  valleys  of  the 
Eocky  Mountains  toward  the  sources  of  the  Oi'cgon.  "We 
seldom  saw  it  along  the  coast  more  than  seventy  to  one  hundi-cd 
feet  in  height,  still,  however,  much  larger  than  the  connnon 
species,  [T.  Occidentalis.)  We  observed  it  also  on  the  banks  of 
the  Wahlamet,  and,  according  to  Douglas,  it  is  found  north  as 
far  as  Nootka  Sound.  It  appears  to  have  been  also  collected  by 
Menzies.  The  largest  trees  seen  by  Captain  Wyeth  were  grow- 
ino'  on  the  alluvial  borders  of  the  Flat-Head  River.  Its  General 
aspect  is  a  good  deal  similar  to  that  of  T.  Occidentalis,  but  the 
branches  are  rounder  and  more  erect,  less  flattened  or  anci])ital; 
in  their  color  they  vary,  for  while  some  are  green  otners  are 
glaucous.  The  seeds  are  elliptic,  and  furnished  with  a  wide 
alated  margin.  The  leaves  are  always  destitute  of  the  glan- 
dular tubercle  conspicuous  in  the  common  kind,  and  the  cones 
are  more  drooping  and  more  clustered.  Young  trees  have  the 
usual  pyramidal  growth  of  the  genus.  Of  the  qualities  of  the 
wood,  in  the  wilderness  it  inhabits,  we  can  say  nothing  from 
experience,  but  imagine  it  to  be  very  similar  with  that  of  T. 
Occidentalis. 

The  inner  bark  of  this  plant  is  much  used  by  the  natives 
of  Oregon  both  for  food  and  clothing;  for  the  latter  piirj)ose, 
it  is  split  into  narrow  strips  like  a  long  fringe  and  tied  together 
in  a  belt  round  the  waist,  to  conceal  the  wearer  from  absolute 
nudity.  According  to  McKenzie,  the  aborigines  of  the  West 
likewise  employ  the  inner  rind  of  the  llendock  Spruce  [Alnca 
Canadensis)  for  food.     It  is  taken  oil  early  in  the  spring  and 


164  NEE'S     ARBOR-VIT^. 

made  into  cakes,  which  they  eat  with  salmon-oil,  and  consider 
almost  as  dainties.  The  natives  of  Oregon  probably  use  the 
salmon-oil  they  collect,  in  the  same  manner,  with  the  inner 
bark  of  the  Arbor- Vit99. 

PLATE  CXI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size.     a.  The  seed. 


NEE'S   ARBOR-VIT.E. 

Thuja  plicata.  FoUis  rhomhoideo-ovatis  aeutis,  adpressis,  qiiadrifariani 
iinbricatis,  nudis  medio  iabercidaiis,  strobulis  oblongis  nutantibus,  semini- 
bus  obcordatis. — Lambert's  Pines,  1.  c,  No.  61.  Donn.,  Hort.  Can- 
tab., vol.  vi.  p.  249.     Loudon,  Arboret.,  vol.  iv.  p.  2458. 

Tins  tree,  of  which  very  little  is  yet  known,*  is  a  native  of 
Mexico,  where  it  was  found  by  Nee,  and  also  of  the  western 
shores  of  North  America,  at  Nootka  Sound,  where  it  was  col- 
lected by  Menzies.  It  is  described  by  Loudon  as  a  very  branch- 
ing, spreading,  light-green  tree,  the  branches  being  crowded  and 
covered  with  a  reddish-brown  bark;  branchlets  dense,  often 
divided,  pectinate,  compressed.  The  leaves  are  rhomboid- 
ovate,  acute,  closely  adj^ressed,  imbricated  in  four  rows,  crowded 
together  between  the  nodes,  glabrous,  entire,  shining,  and  tuber- 
cled  in  the  middle.  The  cones  are  solitary  and  scattered, 
oblong  and  nutant;  the  scales  elliptic,  obtuse,  flat,  obsoletely 
furrowed.  The  seeds  compressed,  winged  all  round,  obcordate- 
oblong,  and  emarginate  at  the  summit.  Scarcely  distinct  from 
2\  Occldentalis,  of  which  Loudon  imagines  it  to  be  a  mere  variety. 

*  Since  tlic  ;ibovc  was  written,  this  Thuja  has  been  much  introduced  in 
American  phiiitiiig. 


NOOTKA    CYTRESS. 


Natural  Order,  Cupressin.e,  (Richard.)     Liiinnaii  Cla.'sslfica(i(j,i, 

MONCECIA,  MOXADELI'IIIA. 

CupRESSUS  NuTKATENSis.  Bamis  suberectis  ielraqonis,  folUs  la(e-ora(is 
aciiminatis  quadrifariam  imhricatis  dorso  carinatis  ctubcrculatls,  fjalbulis 
magnitudlnc  jyisi  majoris  globosis  ramos  breves  term'niantlbas,  sqaamis 
umbonaiis  levibus. — Lambert,  Pin.,  n.  60,  sine  Ic.  IIuukeu,  Flor. 
Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  165. 

Thuja  excelsa. — Bongard,  Yeget.  cle  Sitka,  p.  46. 

This  sj^ecies,  which  I  did  not  meet  with,  was  collected  at 
Nootka,  on  the  northwest  coast,  by  Menzies,  at  Observatory 
Inlet,  by  Dr.  Scouler,  and  as  far  north  as  Sitka,  by  Bongard. 
The  branches  are  sometimes  a  little  compressed,  nearly  erect, 
and  tetragonal.  The  leaves  broad-ovate,  acuminate,  imbricated 
in  four  rows,  the  back  carinated  but  without  the  glandular 
tubercle;  the  fruit  about  the  size  of  a  large  pea,  termiualing 
short  branchlets,  and  the  scales  are  shield-formed  and  even. 
It  has  a  near  affinity  with  the  Connuon  White  Cedar,  (6'. 
Thyoides,)  but  that  has  shorter,  flatter,  and  more  spreading 
branches,  with  tubercles  on  the  back  of  the  leaves,  and  smaller 
fruit. 


1G5 


PINES. 

(Le  Pin,     Fr.) 


Natural    Order,    Conifers,    (Jussieu.)     Liniwean    Classification, 

MONCECIA,  MONANDRIA.* 

PINUS.f    (Linn.) 

Staminate  fiowers  in  clustered  cylindric  aments.  ^??^Ac?'-scales 
crested  at  the  apex,  each  bearing  two  masses  of  pollen  in  cells, 
and  opening  lengthways.  Fertile  flowers  in  ovoid  aments,  the 
scales  imbricated,  2-flowered,  becoming  woody,  embracing  the 
seed,  and  forming  a  cone  or  strobile.  The  nut  usually  winged 
at  the  summit. 

Trees  of  various  dimensions,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  Ame- 
rica, some  of  them  among  the  largest  of  known  vegetables,  bearing- 
leaves  which  are  evergreen,  dry,  and  needle-like  or  acerose,  at  hrst 
single,  but  afterward  produced  from  two  to  five  in  a  common  sphace- 
lous or  membranaceous,  scaly  sheath.  The  aments  or  flowers  are 
lateral  and  terminal,  conglomerate ;  the  fertile  ones  persistent  and 
becoming  woody  cones. 

*  It  was  referred  to  the  order  MoNADELrniA  by  Liuuaius,  but  is,  iu  fact, 
strictly  Monandrous. 

■j"  A  name  derived  from  the  Celtic  pin  or  pcn^  a  rock  or  mouutaiu,  iu  allusion 
to  the  usual  place  of  their  growth. 


IGG 


\n.v\n 


Piiuis  FlcxiliK 

A nwriiii  1/  ('*'mht\!  Pine-  ''' "  ri  uti'i-nl  1/ ./in r/-ii/U'f. 


AMERICAN    CEMBRA    TINE. 

PiNUS  FLEXiLis.  JFoliis  quinis  Icfibus,  vagina  abbrcvkda,  cojils  ovatis, 
squamis  crassis  wnhilkatis  suhcarinatts  incrmis  dovfjatls  (jihhosls,  nucibus 
duris,  scminum  alls  oblilcmiis,  antlierarum  criata  laccra  acuminata  i)ar- 
vula. 

Pmvs  JlexiUs. — Toerey  and  James,  in  Long's  Expedition,  Annul  Ly- 
ceum N.  York,  vol.  ii.  p.  240. 

PiNus  Lambcrtiana,  /9,  Hook.,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  102. 

This  species  of  Pine  was  discovered  by  Dr.  Edwin  Janios  in 
Long's  Expedition,  chiefly  in  snbalpine  tracts,  and  cxtcinling 
from  the  lowest  range  of  monntains  to  the  region  of  ])or[)('tual 
frost.  Li  my  Western  tour,  T  met  with  it  also  in  the  first  range 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  called  the  "Black  Hills;"  a  high, 
broken  country,  commencing  about  thirty-five  or  forty  miles 
from  the  usual  ford  of  Laramie's  Fork  of  the  river  Platte.  Scat- 
tering trees  of  this  Pine,  mixed  with  clumps  of  Bed  Cedars, 
{Juniperus  Yirginiana,)  communicate  a  somljre  aspect  to  these 
high  hills  so  much  in  contrast  with  the  grassy  plains  around 
them,  and  hence  the  above  appellation  by  which  they  are  gene- 
rally known.  We  met  with  it  afterward  on  the  granitic  hills 
of  the  Sweet- Water,  another  northern  branch  of  the  Platte, 
from  whence  it  continued  to  the  lofty  hills  of  Bear  Biver,  which 
empties  into  the  Lake  Timpanogos. 

The  American  Cembra  forms  a  tree  of  moderate  size,  forty  to 
fifty  feet  high,  with  a  large  dense  sunnnit,  ami  having  a  snioolh 
bark  like  that  of  the  White  Pine.  It  is  remarkable  Ibr  tlie  liexi- 
bility  of  its  branches,  which  are  leafy  at  the  extremities.  Tlie 
leaves  grow  by  fives  in  the  same  ^'ery  short  sheath,  and  are 
rather  short  and  stiff,  perfectly  even  on  the  nmrgin,  triangular 
and  glaucous  within.  The  anthers  have  a  small  filiform  bifid 
or  trifid  crest.  The  young  cone  is  almost  acutely  ovate,  green- 
ish and  smooth,  with  thick  protuberant  scales  wliidi   exnde  a 

li'.7 


108  AMERICAN     CEMBRA    PINE. 

clear  resin.  The  older  cone  is  thick  and  ovate,  the  scales  stout 
and  woody,  about  twice  the  length  of  the  seeds,  which  are  as  large 
nearly  as  peas  and  without  wings,  except  in  an  early  stage;  the 
scales  are  terminated  by  small  umbilical  elevations,  but  have  no 
prickles;  on  the  lower  portion  of  the  cone  they  also  project 
considerably.  The  seeds  are  agreeable,  and  are  eaten  by  the  na- 
tives and  the  hunters  who  frequent  the  mountains. 

So  nearly  is  this  species  allied  to  the  Plnus  Cemhra,  or  Siberian 
Stone  Pine,  that  we  were  for  some  time  doubtful  whether  it  was 
more  than  a  variety  of  it.  Like  that  species,  it  produces  wing- 
less seeds  which  are  eatable;  the  leaves  of  both  are  in  fives,  but 
in  Cembra  they  are  serrulate,  in  ours  even  and  more  rigid.  The 
cones  of  both  are  very  much  alike,  but  in  the  present  the  scales 
which  compose  them  are  twice  as  long  as  the  seeds,  in  Cembra 
they  are  much  shorter,  and  when  young  pubescent;  the  nut  in 
Cembra  is  also  probably  larger. 

According  to  Pallas,  the  Cembra  is  found  on  the  western  side 
of  the  Uralian  Mountains ;  and  in  the  northern  and  alpine  parts 
of  Siberia  it  is  of  frequent  occurrence,  sometimes  with  other 
species,  at  other  times  forming  by  itself  extensive  tracts  of 
forest.  A  dwarf  variety  exists  throughout  Kamtschatka.  The 
trunk  of  the  ordinary  kind  is  perfectly  erect,  nearly  free  from 
branches  to  the  summit,  and  not  unfrequently  attains  the  height 
of  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet,  with  a  diameter  of  three  feet 
near  the  root.  The  nuts  are  sent  to  all  parts  of  Russia  as 
dainties,  and  are  greedily  sought  by  various  wild  animals.  In 
Siberia  the  seeds  of  the  Cembra  are  sometimes  produced  in 
immense  quantities,  at  which  time  they  form,  according  to 
Ginelin,  about  the  sole  winter-food  of  the  peasantry.  From  the 
very  resinous  immature  cones  is  obtained  a  very  fragrant  and 
celebrated  oil,  known  under  the  name  of  Carpathian  Balsam. 

The  Cembra  grows  slowly,  the  wood  is  white,  somewhat 
resinous,  and  of  a  lax  texture,  similar  to  that  of  fir-wood,  but 
less  tenacious,     Mr.  Lambert,  however,  remarks  that  it  "has  a 


Fiirkir  coriedTi  n  c 


Pmus  SiibTniann 

Pfji  cf('  •'I'dOirif  a 'jrffnd  coiier  cfJtriru.r 


SABINE'S     OR     PRICKLY-CONED     ]' I  N  K.     1<;:) 

finer  grain  than  common  cloal."  It  yields  abiindanee  of  a  IVa- 
grant,  yellowish,  hard,  pelhicid  resin. 

The  variety  P.  Cemhra  Ilehctlca,  of  Switzerland,  iirows  w  ilh 
remarkable  slowness,  according  to  Kastholer.  A  tree  with  a 
trunk  of  the  diameter  of  nineteen  inches,  when  cut  down  was 
found  to  have  three  hundred  and  fifty-three  concentric  circles, 
(indicative  of  so  many  years'  growth.)  The  wood  is  wvy  fra- 
grant and  retains  its  odor  for  centuries,  which  pcrlumc  thmiiili 
so  agreeable  to  man,  is  so  oflensive  to  bugs  and  moths  as  to 
deter  them  from  infesting  rooms  where  it  is  used,  cither  as 
"wainscotting  or  as  furniture. 

The  variety  /5  of  P.  Lamhertiana,  Hooker  remarks,  "A  Pine  in 
many  respects  similar  to  this  was  found  by  Mr.  Drummond  in 
very  elevated  situations  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  near  the 
'Height  of  Land,'  yet  there  growing  fifty  and  sixty  feet  lii^h. 
The  leaves  are,  however,  shorter  (two  or  three  inches)  and  more 
rigid,  and  the  specimens  have  the  closest  allinity  with  those  of 
the  European  P.  Cemhra.  No  cones  exist  in  the  collection." — 
Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  1G2. 

PLATE   CXIL 

A  branch  of  tJte  natural  size.    a.  The  cone.     b.  Front  view  of  the  scale  of 
the  cone.     c.  Sack  view  of  the  same.     d.  A  cluster  oj  lon\s. 


SABINE'S  OR  PRICKLY-CONED  TINE. 

PiNUS  Sabiniana.  Foliis  tcrnis  irradongis  acutis  marrjinc  scabris,  strobilis 
maximis  recurvis  ovaiis  aggregatis,  squamis  x>atcntibus  laiissinm  ajncibu^ 
longe  acuminatis  incurms  sjrinesceyitibus,  micibus  cluris. 

PiNus  i5a6m2Vma.— Douglas,  Lin.  Transact.,  vol.  xvi.  p.  74!».  Lam- 
bert's Pines,  (ed.  2,)  t.  80.     Loudox,  Arboret.,  vol.  iii.  p.  'I'I^^k 

This  splendid  and  useful  species  was  discovered  on  tlic  west- 
ern flanks  of  the  Cordilleras  of  California,  by  the  late  Mr.  Doug- 

V— 11* 


170    SABINE'S     OR    T  R  I  C  K  L  Y-C  0  N  E  D     PINE. 

Lis.  It  was  found  at  a  great  elevation  above  the  level  of  the 
sea,  being  only  one  thousand  six  hundred  feet  below  the  range 
of  perpetual  snow,  in  the  parallel  of  40°  j  likewise  on  the  less 
elevated  mountains  near  the  sea-coast,  where  the  temperature 
is  higher  but  more  uniform,  in  the  parallel  of  37°,  inhabiting  the 
summits  of  the  mountains  only :  it  also  occurs  in  some  part  of 
the  range  of  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon,  as  the  Indians 
brought  bags  of  the  eatable  kernels  to  trade  on  the  Grande 
Ronde  Prairie.  Dr.  Gairdner  also  collected  it  on  the  Fallatine 
Hills  of  the  Wahlamet. 

The  stems  of  these  Pines  are  of  a  very  regular  form,  and 
grow  straight  and  tapering  to  the  height  of  forty  to  one  hundred 
and  forty  feet,  and  are  three  to  twelve  feet  in  circumference 
when  standing  apart,  clothed  with  branches  down  to  the  ground. 
The  largest  and  finest  trees  are  seen  in  the  mountains  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  wood  is  white,  soft,  coarse-grained,  and  not  very  durable. 
A  copious  transparent  resin  exudes  from  the  tree  when  cut;  and 
the  nuts,  like  those  of  the  Cembra  Pine,  are  in  great  esteem 
among  the  natives  as  food:  we  found  them  nearly  as  pleasant  to 
the  taste  as  almonds,  except  that  they  left  behind  a  slight  resin- 
ous taste.  They  are  of  a  roundish-oblong  form,  and  about  nine- 
tenths  of  an  inch  long  by  half  an  inch  broad,  being  much  larger 
than  the  seed  of  the  following  species. 

The  leaves  grow  together  in  threes,  rarely  in  fours,  and  are 
eleven  to  fourteen  inches  in  length,  serrulated  on  the  margin, 
the  sheath  of  the  leaves  one  and  a  half  inches  long.  The  cone 
very  resinous,  ovate,  recurved,  pressing  on  the  branch  for  sup- 
port, growing  three  to  nine  in  a  verticillated  cluster,  and  re- 
maining on  the  tree  for  a  number  of  years;  nine  to  eleven 
inches  long  and  sixteen  to  eighteen  inches  round.  The  scales 
of  the  cone  are  spathulate,  two  and  a  quarter  inches  long,  with 
a  strong,  sharp,  in-curved  point,  which,  near  the  base  of  the 
cone,  exceeds  the  length  of  the  scale.     The  wing  of  the  seed  is 


COTLTEirs     PTNE.  171 

short,  stiff,  and  aljoiit  one-iburth   i(s  Icii-ili.      TIio  S(^(Ml-loaves 
are  seven  to  twelve. 

It  was  named  hy  Mr.  Douglas  in  honor  of  the  laic  Mr.  .h.M'pli 
Sabine,  Secretary  of  the  Horticultural  Society  of  London.  I 
had  not  the  satisfixction  of  seeing  this  tree  during  ui\-  vi.^it  tt) 
Oregon.  The  species  in  tlie  gardens  round  London  apiu-ars  to 
be  as  hardy  as  the  Pliuis  innaster. 

PLATE  CXIIL 

A  cone  two-ihlnls  of  (he  natural  size.     a.   The  Icarcs.     h.  A  scau. 


COULTER'S  PINE. 

PiNUS  CouLTEKi.  Foliis  icmls  jnyvlouf/is  comprcssis,  rar/laes  fihniicnlnsu 
laceris,  stroh'dis  ohlongis  solitariis  maxim  Is,  srjt'n/jii.s  cioanfis^  apicilHi.'i 
elongatis  incrassatis  lanceolaiis  mucronatis  ancipiii-cumprcssls  at/i/ii,-is. 
Don,  in  Lin.  Trans.,  vol.  xvii.  p.  440.  Lamb.,  Pin.,  vol.  iii.  tali.  h;3. 
Loudon,  Arbor.  Brit.,  vol.  iv.  p.  22.30. 

This  magnificent  species  of  Pine  was  discovered  by  Dr. 
Coulter  on  the  mountains  of  Santa  Lucia,  ncai-  the  niis>iiin  of 
San  Antonio,  in  the  36th  degree  of  latitude,  within  sight  of  iho 
sea,  and  at  an  elevation  of  between  three  to  four  thousand  I'eet 
above  its  level.     It  was  accompanied  by  the  J'i/nis  l,,tiiil>^  rtinnii. 

The  tree  rises  to  the  height  of  eight}'  or  one  hnndicd  led, 
with  large,  permanently  spreading  branches,  and  the  trnnk  is 
three  or  four  feet  in  diameter.  The  lea\-es,  of  a  glancons  Inn', 
are  longer  and  broader  than  in  any  other  know  n  species  of  the 
genus;  and  the  cones,  which  grow  singly,  aiv  likewise  the  largest 
of  all  Pines,  beinor  often  more  than  a  foot  loiej.  half  a  foot  in 
diameter,  and  weighing  about  four  ponnds.      Tra\ellers  company 


172         SMALLER    PRICKLY-CONED     PINE. 

them  for  magnitude  to  sugar-loaves,  which  they  resemble  in 
form,  suspended  as  it  were  from  forest  trees. 

The  spinous  processes  of  the  scales  of  the  cone  are  very 
strong,  hooked,  and  compressed,  three  or  four  inches  in  length, 
and  about  the  thickness  of  one's  finger;  characters  which  essen- 
tially distinguish  it  from  the  preceding  species.  The  seed,  like 
that  of  the  preceding,  to  which  it  is  closely  allied,  is  about  the 
size  of  an  almond,  and  eatable. 


SMALLER  PRICKLY-CONED   PINE, 

PiNUS  MURicATA.  FolUs  temis  ?  sirobilis  incequilatcri-ovaiis  aggregaiis, 
squamis  cuneatis  apice  dilatatis  umhilico-elevato  mucronatis;  baseos 
externoB  elovgatis  ancijnli-compressis  rccurvato-patcntihus. — Don,  in  Lin. 
Trans.,  vol.  xvii.  p.  441.  Lambert,  Pin.,  vol.  iii.  tab.  84.  Loudon, 
Arbor.,  vol.  iv.  p.  2269,  fig.  2180. 

This  belongs  to  the  same  group  with  the  preceding;  but  the 
cones  are  not  larger  tlian  those  of  P'uius  inops,  and  are  remark- 
able for  the  squarrose  spreading  of  the  basilar  scales,  which 
present  long  and  sharp  points  in  all  directions. 

This  singular  species  was  discovered  in  Upper  California  by 
Dr.  Coulter,  at  San  Luis  Obispo,  in  latitude  35°,  and  at  an  eleva- 
tion of  three  thousand  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  distant 
about  ten  miles.  The  tree  is  straight  and  rather  stunted,  not 
exceeding  forty  feet  in  height.  The  cones  grow  two  or  three 
together,  and  are  about  two  inches  long  and  three  inches  broad; 
the  scales  are  wedge-shaped  and  very  thick,  dilated  at  the  apex, 
o])scurely  quadrangular,  mucronated,  and  with  an  elevated 
uiul)ilicus,  those  at  the  base  of  the  cone  elongated,  compressed 
on  both  sides,  shining,  recurved,  and  spreading. 


HEAVY-WOODED   TINE. 

PiNUS  POXDEROSA.  Foliis  kruis  j)rrt7o»///,9  forlun.sis,  r'i////i(s  hrrihtts, 
aniherarum  crista  roUindata  Integra,  strobills  ovatis  rcjhxis,  s'j'uinils  coiu- 
jjressis  subquadrangidatis  apicc  spinuhsis  rccurvatif^. 

Vm\]S ponderosa. — Douglas,  MSS.  Loddig.,  Catal.,o(l.  ls:!(;.  Lorix-x, 
Arboretum  Britainiieiim,  vol.  iv.  p.  224:],  figs.  213:^  and  :^1:!4. 

This  species  was  discovered  by  tlie  late  Mr.  DouLilas.  (.n  tlic 
banks  of  the  Spokain  and  Flat-Head  Ivivers,  and  near  tliu  Keltic 
Falls  of  the  Columbia,  in  the  Territory  of  Oregon,  \\\\vvv  it 
grows  in  abundance.  The  same  species,  I  believe,  grows  also 
near  Monterey,  in  Upper  California,  uhere  it  likewise  gives 
support  to  that  curious  parasite,  the  Arccuthohuun  Ai/)cri<a/i/n/i, 
which  exists  on  one  of  Douglas's  specimens. 

The  timber  is  said  to  be  so  heavy  as  almost  to  sink  in  water. 
The  tree  has  proved  quite  hardy  and  of  rapid  growth  l)()tli  iu 
the  climate  of  London  and  of  Edinburgh.  It  has  a  \ery 
elegant  appearance,  even  as  a  young  tree,  and  seems  to  surpas.s 
all  others  in  strength  and  luxuriance. 

The  leaves  are  disposed  in  parallel  spirals.  IVoiu  nine  to  eleven 
inches  long,  three  in  a  sheath,  "svhich  is  from  ball'  an  inch  to 
one  inch  in  length.  The  scales  of  the  cone  termiinitc  in  tlat- 
tened  processes  scarcely  ribbed  in  any  direction.  In  tlie  centre 
of  the  process  is  a  protuberance,  large  in  projiortion  to  the  scale, 
which  terminates  in  a  sharp  prickle,  pointing  outward:  the 
scale  is  an  inch  long. 

The  trees  I  observed  in  California,  growing  in  a  jioor  soil, 
were  not  more  than  twelve  to  twent\-  feet  higli. 


173 


OREGON  PITCH  PINE. 

PiNUS  iNSiGNis.  Follls  teiins  dongaiis  tortuosis,  stroUlis  ovatis  acutis  de- 
flexis,  squamis  tubcrcidatis  rciusis  inermibus  inferioribus  conicis  reflexis. 

PiNUS  insigms. — Doug.,  MSS.  Loudon,  Arboretum  Brit.,  vol.  iv. 
p.  2265,  figs.  2171,  2172. 

PiNUS  tuberculakL — Don,  Lin.  Trans.,  vol.  xvii.  p.  442.  Lamb.,  Pin., 
vol.  iii.  t.  85.     Loudon,  Arbor.,  vol.  iv.  p.  2270,  fig.  2181. 

Tins  .species  was  sent  by  Douglas  to  the  Horticultural 
Society's  Garden  in  London  in  1833,  and  is  said  to  be  of 
vigorous  growth,  and  as  hardy  as  any  of  the  Californian  Pines. 

The  leaves  are  of  a  deep  grass-green,  thickly  set  on  the 
branches,  of  different  lengths,  and  twisted  in  every  direction. 
The  leaves,  in  the  dried  specimen  from  Douglas,  are  three  to 
four  and  a  half  inches  long.  Cone  three  and  a  half  to  four 
inches  long.  Li  the  young  growing  plant,  near  London,  five 
to  seven  inches. 

This  is,  I  apprehend,  the  Pi/nts  resinosa  of  Hooker,  Flor. 
Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  161,  as  far  as  the  locality  of  the  northwest 
coast  is  concerned,  for  he  quotes  Douglas  as  finding  it  growing 
with  P.  Lamhcrtiana.  It  is,  however,  I  imagine,  sufficiently 
distinct  from  that  well-known  species.  The  cone  appears  to  be 
much  larger,  and  the  leaves  are  in  threes. 

I  cannot  perceive  any  specific  distinction  between  the  present 
and  the  cone  described  by  Don  of  his  P.  tuJjcrcuIafa,  figured  by 
lioudon.  It  was  collected  by  Dr.  Coulter,  with  the  following, 
which  it  resembles  in  size  and  habit,  on  the  sea-shore  of  Mon- 
terey. The  leaves  of  this  or  the  following  species,  which  I 
(M)ll('cted  during  my  very  transient  visit  to  that  place,  are 
usually  in  threes,  slendcn^,  and  about  four  inches  long,  with 
\\\v  margin  and  iiuiei'  ridge  fniely  serrulated  and  grooved  inter- 
nally on  eithei'  side  the  midrib.     The  cone  figured  by  Loudon 

is  indeed  more  oblong  than  in  P.  hishinis^  but  we  have  no  doul)t 
171 


SPREADING-CONED     TINE.  175 

they  vary  as  iniicli  as  the  figures  given,  and  (li(>  leaves  appear 
to  be  wholly  similar.  It  is  also  nearly  allied,  apparently,  to 
P.  2Mtida,  found  by  Schiede  and  Deppe  in  Mexieo. 


SPREADING-COKED   TINE. 

PiNUS  RADiATA.  FolUs  temis,  strobilis  incequilatcri-ovatis  squaniis  rajlafn. 
rimosis  umhUico  dcprcsso  iruncatls ;  bascos  externa:  triplo  viajoriftNs  t/ih- 
bosis  subrecurvis. — Dox,  in  Liu.  Trans.,  vol.  xvii.  p.  442.  Lamijkut, 
Pin.,  vol.  iii.  t.  86.     Loudox,  Arboretum,  vol.  iv.  p.  2270,  fig.  2182. 

This  useful  species  of  Pine,  as  well  as  the  preceding,  grows 
abundantly  in  the  vicinity  of  Monterey,  on  the  sea-coast,  in 
latitude  36°.  Point  Pinos,  at  the  entrance  of  the  liarbur,  is 
covered  with  them  exclusively.  The  trees  of  this  species  grow 
singly  or  together,  and  attain  to  the  height  of  about  one  hiui- 
dred  feet,  with  an  erect  trunk  clothed  with  branches  nearly  to 
the  ground.  In  its  foliage  and  general  appearance,  as  'svell 
as  economy,  it  is  allied  to  the  Yellow  Pine,  [Pi/nis  vari<ih'ili.s.) 
It  is  also  scarcely  distinct  from  P.  putuJa  and  the  preceding 
species. 

The  cones,  as  described  by  Mr.  Don,  are  said  to  be  aggre- 
gated, of  an  ovate  form,  about  half  a  foot  in  length,  ventricose 
at  the  base,  witli  spreading,  obtuse  scales. 

According  to  Dr.  Coulter,  it  atTords  an  excellent  timber, 
which  is  very  tough,  and  well  adapted  for  the  building  of 
boats,  for  which  purpose  it  is  much  used. 


Of  the  PiNUS  Califorxiaxa  of  Loiseleur  Desloiigchamps.  in 
the  "Nouveau  Duhamel,"  vol.  v.  p.  24.'],  too  little  is  known  to 


17G  TWISTED-BRANCHED     PINE. 

consider  it  as  a  well-defined  species.  As  a  tree,  it  is  probably 
identical  with  one  or  other  of  the  preceding  species,  being  ob- 
served in  the  neighborhood  of  Monterey;  and  seeds  were  col- 
lected by  the  gardener  Callignon,  in  the  expedition  of  La  Pe- 
roiise.  The  cone,  producing  eatable  seeds  like  the  Cembra,  is, 
however,  a  character  wholly  at  variance  with  any  species  grow- 
ing round  Monterey. 


TWISTED-BRANCHED   PINE. 

PiNUS  coNTORTA. — DouGLAS.     LouDON,  Arbor.,  vol.  iv,  p.  2292,  figs. 

2210  and  2211. 

This  plant  is  considered  by  Hooker,  vol.  ii.  p.  161,  as  a  mere 
variety  of  P.  inops,  with  the  leaves  less  rigid.  Growing  at 
Sitka,  and  along  the  shores  of  the  Pacific,  from  the  confluence 
of  the  Oregon,  and  around  Observatory  Inlet,  (Dr.  Scouler,) 
[i  forms  a  low  scrubby  Pine  along  the  northwest  coast;  on 
Mount  Rainier,  near  the  snow,  not  exceeding  ten  feet  in  height ; 
and,  according  to  Hooker,  the  specimens  exactly  agree  with  the 
same  species  from  the  United  States. 


WHITE   PINE. 

PiNus  STROBus.  FoUls  qiiitus  gniciUbas,  vaglnis  nulUs,  strobiUs  elongatis 
mihnjlbidraceis  ceimids,  squamis  laxis  planiuscuUs,  antherarum  crista 
rn inula,  sciacca,  bifida. 


AV  KITE     r  I  N  E.  177 

PiNUS  Slrobus.—Liy^s.,  Sp.  pi.     I'lusii,  Flor.  r.or.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  t;i  I. 

Hooker,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  IGl.     Lamukut,  Piiios,  lah.  .'d. 

Mich.,  Sylva,  tub.  145. 
/9  MONTicoLA.     Foliis  bnviorlhi'.^^  ol)(H.-<t\^  via.  scrruIit/(\\     Pixus  nxDificuhi. 

Douglas.     "The  Moimtain,   or  Short-Leaved  AVeymoiith    Pino." 

Loudon,  Arbor.,  vol.  iv.  p.  2201,  tigs.  2208  and  22Ult.     J.A.Mi;i;itT, 

Pin.,  vol.  ii.  p.  3,  tab.  87. 

Respecting  the  geographical  Hmits  of  this  species.  J  looker 
adds  in  his  "Flora:" — From  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada,  to  the 
Saskatchawan  of  Hudson's  Ba}-,  in  latitude  55°,  and  the  east 
side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  [Dnnnmo/td.)  On  the  west  side 
of  the  same  great  chain  of  mountains,  (including  only  the 
variety  /3  7nontlcola,)  from  the  sources  of  the  Oregon  to  the 
alpine  range  of  Mount  Hood,  toward  the  northwest  coast. 

The  largest  trees  of  this  towering  Pine,  which  I  liave  seen, 
are  on  the  borders  of  the  Androscoggin  near  Paris,  in  Maine, 
where  they  seem  to  emulate  in  elevation  the  vast  Firs  of 
Oregon.  In  the  vicinity  of  Portsmouth,  I  am  informed  Ijy 
John  Elwyn,  Esq.,  a  tree  was  cut  down  some  years  ago  which 
measured  tw^o  hundred  feet  in  height.  Naugenheim  also  re- 
marks, that,  from  the  size  of  two  masts  for  seventj-four-gun- 
sliips  that  he  saw  in  the  Plymouth  dock-yards,  which  nieasui-ed 
in  the  whole  piece  one  hundred  and  eight  feet  each,  such  a  tree 
must  have  been  two  hundred  feet  long  and  five  feet  or  more  in 
diameter. 

No  tree  approaches  so  near  to  this  well-marked  species  as  the 
Bhotan  Pine,  (P.  excclsa,)  a  native  of  the  niouiitaius  of  Nej):iiil  in 
India.  That  species,  honored  with  the  native  title  of  the  •'King 
of  the  Firs,"  attains  to  the  height  of  one  hundred  and  twenty 
feet,  and,  unlike  our  White  Pine  in  its  physical  i)roperties,  yields 
an  abundance  of  liquid  resin.  According  to  Mr.  Lambert,  who 
has  made  the  Pines  and  Firs  a  special  study,  and  illustrate<l  their 
history  by  a  splendid  monograph,  P.  exwfet  approaches  so  near 
in  habit  and  in  the  shape  of  its  cones  to  /'.  Sfn>I>ns,  that,  were  it 

Vol.  v.— 12 


178  WHITE     PIN  E. 

not  for  the  simple,  round,  membranaceous  crest  of  the  anthers, 
it  would  be  almost  impossible  to  distinguish  them  specifically; 
still,  the  leaves  are  longer  and  the  cones  thicker,  and  in  its  native 
soil  it  is  remarkable  for  its  drooping  branches,  whence  it  is  fre- 
quently called  the  "  Weeping  Fir,"  by  travellers  in  the  Himalayas. 
The  timber  of  the  Weymouth  Pine  continues  to  be  exported 
to  Britain  in  immense  quantities ;  but  it  is  considered  as  very 
inferior  to  some  of  our  other  species,  and  to  the  pine  timber  of 
the  North  of  Europe.  Mr.  Copland,  an  extensive  builder  and 
timber-merchant,  (according  to  McCuUoch,)  when  examined 
before  Parliament  as  to  the  comparative  value  of  Euro23ean  and 
American  timber,  affirmed  that  "the  American  Pine  is  much 
inferior  in  quality,  much  softer  in  its  nature,  not  so  durable,  and 
very  liable  to  drj-rot;  indeed  it  is  not  allowed  by  any  pro- 
fessional man  under  government  to  be  used;  nor  is  it  ever 
employed  in  the  best  buildings  in  London;  it  is  only  speculators 
that  are  induced  to  use  it,  from  the  price  of  it  being  much  lower 
(in  consequence  of  its  exemption  from  duty)  than  the  Baltic  tim- 
ber. If  you  were  to  lay  two  planks  of  American  timber  upon 
each  other,  in  the  course  of  a  twelvemonth  they  would  have 
the  dry-rot,  almost  invariably,  to  a  certain  extent."  McCulloch 
adds,  that  "many  passages  to  the  same  effect  might  be  produced 
from  the  evidence  of  persons  of  the  greatest  experience  in  ship- 
l)uilding."  (McGuUocJls  Commer.  Diet.,  article  Timber  Trade.) 
There  is  no  doubt  a  good  deal  of  truth  and  some  ^^rejudice  in 
these  statements,  particularly  as  regards  the  durability  of  White 
Pine  timber,  as  any  one  will  acknowledge  on  inspecting  the 
present  condition  of  the  Schuylkill  bridge  at  Philadelphia,  which, 
after  thirty-seven  years  have  elapsed  since  its  erection,  is  appa- 
rently as  sound  as  ever. 

From  S.  W.  Boberts,  Esq.,  civil  engineer,  we  learn  that  the 
snpc'istructure  of  the  large  wooden  bridges  so  innnerous  in  Penn- 
sylvania is  principally  constructed  of  White  Pine.     Tlie  lattice- 


W  KITE     r  I  N  E.  179 

bridges  are  Iniilt  (^f  thick  AVliite  Pino  planks,  lor  wl.icli  us.-  ikis 
timber  is  well  adajited,  on  aceount  of  its  li-lituess,  iVccdoin  iVoiii 
warping,  and  the  ease  Mith  Avhich  it  is  woikrd.  The  Yellow 
Pine,  being  harder,  is  better  for  the  posts  of  the  bridges,  because 
it  undergoes  less  compression.  These  bridges  are  generally  rool^d 
and  weather-boarded,  but  not  ceiled,  so  that  the  fraiiie-tiiiiber  is 
protected  from  the  weather  but  exposed  to  the  air.  In  such 
situations  good  White  and  Yellow  Pine  posts  and  beams  of  mode- 
rate size  season  without  injury  from  drj'-rot,  and  last  so  long  that 
Mr.  Eoberts  has  no  experimental  knowledge  of  their  compaiative 
durability;  but  he  supposes  that  the  Yellow  Pine  will  In-  the 
most  durable,  as  it  contains  the  most  resin. 

Mr.  Roberts  remarks,  that  the  thin  weather-boarding  of  White 
Pine  on  the  sides  of  frame  houses,  although  thus  ex})osed,  remains 
sound  for  a  generation,  even  without  paint. 

"One  of  the  greatest  wooden  bridges  probably  in  the  world  Is 
the  aqueduct  over  the  Alleghany  Eiver  at  Pittsburg,  thiou-h 
which  the  State  canal  passes.  It  has  seven  spans  of  one  hundred 
and  sixty  feet  each,  with  a  water-way  sixteen  feet  wi(k'  and  four 
feet  deep,  having  a  towing-jDath  on  each  side.  The  whole  struc- 
ture is  roofed  and  weather-boarded;  it  is  thirty  feet  wide,  and 
built  of  pine  brought  down  the  Alleghany  River.  The  entire 
cost  of  the  aqueduct,  including  the  heavy  masonry  of  the  abut- 
ments and  piers,  was  about  $110,000. 

"I  have  lately  erected  several  very  large  bridges  with  wooden 
superstructures  of  White  Pine,  the  piers  being  built  of  stone; 
but  one  of  them,  put  up  in  a  peculiar  })lace.  has  two  piei-s.  the 
foundations  of  which  are  of  stone,  on  which  are  erectecl  y'/-^  <>/ 
iimher,  framed  with  hali-lap  splices  and  lock-joinings  secui-ed  by 
screw-bolts,  so  that  any  stick  may  be  re[)laced.  The  sills  are  of 
White  Oak;  the  posts,  standing  in  cast-iron  shoes,  an- of  White 
Pine,  and  so  are  the  braces.  The  wooden  jiortion  of  each  pier 
is  one  hundred  feet  in  hei-ht.  and  each  span  of  tlie  hiidge  one 
hundred  and  twentv-seven  llvt."— S.  W.  Roiii;i;TS. 


180  GIGANTIC     riNE. 

Mr.  Eoberts  remarks,  that  the  Yellow  Pine  (P.  varkiUUs) 
which  gTOWS  on  the  hills  bordering  the  Susquehanna  in  Columbia 
county  (Pennsylvania)  is  a  fine,  sound,  cohesive  timber;  but  that 
the  kind  called  Norway  Pine,  {P.  resinosa  ? — Ait.  P.  rubra, — 
Micii.  1. 134,)  from  Steuben  county.  New  York,  is  inferior  to  the 
Yellow  Pine,  as  the  layers  of  the  wood  are  more  easily  separated. 
He  also  adds,  it  is  well  known  that  the  quality  of  timber  depends 
very  much  upon  the  age  of  the  tree,  the  soil  in  which  it  grows, 
and,  in  some  cases,  the  influence  of  the  sea-air.  Generally  speak- 
ing, in  Pennsylvania,  the  timljer  grown  in  the  river-valleys,  and, 
still  more,  that  grown  in  the  mountains  from  1500  to  2400  feet 
above  tide,  is  inferior  to  that  from  the  hills  at  intermediate  heights. 


GIGANTIC    PINE. 

PiNUS  Lambertiana.  Folds  quinis  rigidis  scabriuscuUs,  vaginis  hrevis- 
simis,  strobilis  crassis  lovgisslmis  cylindraccis,  squamis  laxis  dilaiails 
inferioribus  subpatulis. 

PiNUS  Lambertiana. — Douglas,  in  Lin.  Trans.,  vol.  xv.  p.  500.  Lamb., 
I'in.,  (ed.  2,)  vol.  i.  t.  34.  Lawson's  Manual,  p.  3G1.  Loudon,  Ar- 
boret.,  vol.  iv.  p.  2288,  figs.  2206  and  2207,  (reduced,)  and  figs.  2204 
and  2205,  natural  size. 

Tujs  majestic  pine,  according  to  Mr.  Douglas,  its  discoverer, 
covers  large  districts  a1)()ut  one  hundred  miles  from  the  borders 
of  the  Pacific,  in  latitude  43°  north,  and  continues  to  the  south 
as  far  as  40°.  lie  first  met  Avith  it  toward  the  sources  of  the 
Wahlamet,  (called  also  Multnomah.)  It  grew  sparingly  upon 
low  hills,  and  was  scattered  over  an  undulating  countrj'  east  of 
a,  range  of  mountains  which  terminate  at  Cape  Oxford,  in  a  soil 
of  j)ure  sand,  a[)[)arently  incapable  of  supporting  any  vegetation, 
bnt  here  it  attained  its  greatest  magnitude   and  perfeeted  abun- 


nrx'iv. 


Fiiiu?  Lambert laji a. 


(ritjantir  Pt/w 


/'///  )//i/i////i</i/t-  il4-  /.,i;/;/ii/-f 


GIGANTIC     r  I  N  E.  181 

dance  of  seed.  The  trees  did  not  form  dense  loivsls.  in  tlic 
nicanner  of  the  other  pines  of  tlie  iiortliwest  coast,  hnt  wi-ri'  seen 
scattered  smgly  over  the  plains  in  the  manner  of  some  CaH- 
fornian  species. 

This  stately  species  attains  to  a  heidit  of  I'.O  to  l^tio  feet,  and 
varies  in  circumference  from  twenty  to  sixty  f-ct.  A  spcciiutn 
overturned  by  the  winds  was  in  length  two  inni(hc<l  and  lifU'cn 
feet;  its  circumference  at  three  feet  from  the  ground  was  lllh- 
seven  feet  nine  inches,  and  at  one  hundred  and  tliiii\-li)in'  H-ct 
from  the  ground,  seventeen  feet  five  inches.  The  trunl^  |ncscnts 
an  erect  shaft,  devoid  of  branches,  of  from  KlO  to  ITo  I'cct  cicxa- 
tion,  covered  with  a  very  smooth  light-l)rown  hark.  The  pcndn- 
lous  branches  form  an  open  pyramidal  head  lila'  that  of  a  Fir 
Tree.  The  leaves  are  between  four  and  live  inches  long  and 
grow  together,  like  the  strohus,  in  clusters  of  iive,  with  simihir 
short,  deciduous  sheaths;  they  are  rigid,  of  a  bright-green  cohn-, 
but  not  shining,  with  the  margin  slightly  scaln-ous  to  the  tondi. 
The  cones  hang  pendulous  from  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  are 
two  years  in  acquiring  their  full  growth,  they  are  at  lirst  erect, 
and  do  not  droop  until  the  second  year;  Avhen  ripe,  they  are  ahont 
eleven  inches  in  circumference  at  the  thickest  part,  and  ^  ary  from 
twelve  to  sixteen  inches  in  length!  The  scales  are  loosely  imbri- 
cated, dilated,  and  round  above,  and  perfectly  destitnte  of  arma- 
ture. The  seeds  are  eight  lines  long  and  lour  ]jroad-o\al.  an(L 
like  those  of  the  Stone  Pine,  the  kernels  are  sweet  ami  plea>ant 
to  the  taste;  the  wino:  is  about  twice  the  length  of  the  seed,  and 
the  seed-leaves  are  from  twelve  to  thirteen. 

The  whole  tree  produces  an  abundance  of  i)nre  aml»ei--col<tivd 
resin,  which,  when  it  exudes  from  trees  which  are  partly  hnrnt, 
by  some  chemical  change  loses  its  usual  llavor  and  accpiires  a 
sweet  taste,  in  Mhich  state  it  is  used  by  the  nativi-s  as  sugar  to 
flavor  their  food.  The  seeds  (like  those  of  tlu'  (A-mbra  in 
Siberia)  are  eaten  roasted,  or  pounded  into  coarse  cakes  tin- 
winter-food. 


1S2  BANKS'S    OR    LABRADOR     BINE. 

Its  timber,  like  that  of  the  White  Pine,  is  white,  soft,  and 
light,  abounding  in  turpentine-reservoirs,  and  has  a  s^^ecific 
f'Tavity  of  0-4 Go.  The  annual  layers  are  very  narrow,  present- 
ing fifty-six  in  the  space  of  four  and  a  half  inches  on  the 
external"  side. 

It  is  allied  to  P.  strohus,  from  which,  however,  it  is  essentially 
distinct,  but  almost  equally  hardy  in  cultivation. 

PLATE  CXIV. 

Cone  of  half  the  natural  size.     a.   llic  leaves. 


BANKS'S   OR  LABRADOR  PINE. 

PiNUS  Banksiana.  FoUis  hrevihus  geminatis  rigidls  dkaricaiis  ohliquis 
strohilis  recunis  tortis,  squamis  incrmibus. — LaxMb.,  Pin.,  (ed.  2,)  vol.  i. 
tab.  3.  PuRSH,  Plor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  642.  Loudon,  Arbo- 
retum, vol.  iv.  p.  2190. 

PiNUS  rupcstris,  (Gray  Pine.) — Mich.,  Sjlva,  tab.  136. 

PiNUS  JLidsonia. — Lamakck,  Encyc.,  vol.  v.  p.  339. 

1*INUS  si/loestris  d  dicarlcata. — Solander,  in  Ait.  Kew.,  vol.  iii.  p.  366. 

Notwithstanding  the  dwarf  size  of  this  species  in  many  situa- 
tions, Dr.  Eichardsoir''  describes  it  as  a  handsome  tree,  with  long, 
spreading,  ilexiljle  branches,  generally  furnished  with  clustered 
and  curved  cones,  of  many  years'  accumulation.  It  attains  even 
the  height  of  forty  feet  and  upward  in  favorable  situations;  but 
tlic  diameter  of  the  trunk  is  greater,  in  proportion  to  its  height, 
than  in  the  other  Pines  of  the  country;  and  in  its  native  situa- 
tions it  exudes  much  less  resin  than  the  White  Spruce,  (Ahie^ 

*  Narrative  of  a  .luurncy  to  tlic  IVilar  Seas  in  ISIO  ami  1822. 


BANKS'S     OR    LAP,  R  A  DO  11     PINE.  183 

alha.)  Dr.  Eicliardson  found  it  exclusively  oecupyiuii'  dry 
sandy  soils,  and  it  occurred  as  lar  northward  as  latitude  01°, 
and  was  said  to  attain  even  higher  latitudes,  on  the  sandy  hanks 
of  Mackenzie's  River.  Douglas  found  it  on  tlie  iiiglier  hanks  of 
the  Oregon,  and  in  the  valleys  of  the  Kocky  Mountains.  A\'e 
also  met  with  it  sparingly  in  the  same  great  chain  of  mountains, 
toward  the  northern  sources  of  the  Platte,  and  forming  consider- 
able trees  in  the  valley  of  Thornberg's  Ravine,  in  the  western 
chain  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Dr.  Engelmann,  of  St.  Louis,  informs  me  that  this  Pine, 
accompanied  by  P.  strohus,  P.  variahiUs,  and  Abic'i  Ca/iadtii-'<t.s, 
grows  on  the  islands  of  Lake  Michigan. 

Li  the  famous  Pinetum  at  Dropmore,  in  1837,  according  to 
Loudon,  there  was  a  Pine  of  this  species  twenty-seven  feet  higli, 
with  the  diameter  of  the  trunk  eighteen  inches.  It  forms  an 
elegant  tree  as  described  by  Richardson,  with  long,  spreading, 
flexible  branches.  Another  tree,  at  White  Knights,  has  attained 
the  height  of  thirty  feet. 

Dr.  Richardson  remarks,  that  the  Canadian  porcupine  feeds 
on  its  bark;  and  the  wood,  from  its  lightness,  and  the  straiglit- 
ness  and  tenacity  of  its  fibres,  is  much  prized  for  canoe  timber. 
Titus  Smith  adds,  that  on  the  shallow  soils  in  the  vicinity  of 
Halifax,  (Nova  Scotia,)  when  not  reduced  by  fires,  it  i)roduct-s 
timber  of  a  useful  size.  As  an  ornamental  tree,  it  is  ])ri/.ed  m 
Great  Britain;  but  with  us,  as  yet,  the  appearance  of  Pines  is 
too  plebeian,  from  their  abundance  and  predominance  tliron-h- 
out  the  barrens  and  uncleared  lands  by  which  we  are  still 
surrounded. 


TABLE   MOUNTAIN   PINE. 

PiNUS  PUNGENS.  FoUis  gcmiuis  brevibus  acutis,  strobilis  ovato-conicis, 
acaleis  squaimirum  elongatis  subulaiis  incurvis  ivfcrioribus  refiexis. — 
I'unsii,  Flor.  Amer.  Sept.,  vol.  ii.  p.  643.  Michaux,  tab.  140. 
Lamb.,  Pin.,  (ed.  2,)  vol.  i.  tab.  17.  Loudon,  Arboretum,  vol.  iv, 
p.  2197,  fig.  2079,  aud  tigs.  2077  and  2078,  (excellent  figures  of  the 
cone,  &c.) 

A  TREE  fiDrty  to  fifty  feet  liigli,  with  the  habit  of  the  Scotch 
Fir,  (P.  sylcestris,)  but  with  a  rounder  and  more  branching 
.summit,  by  which  appearance  in  its  native  sites  it  is  readily 
distinguished.  The  quantity  of  this  species  on  the  Table 
Mountain,  and  on  a  wide  stretch  of  high  mountains  for  many 
miles  north  and  south  of  this  locality,  is  very  great,  and.  no 
apprehensions  need  be  entertained,  nor  is  there  the  most  dis- 
tant probability,  of  its  ever  being  extirpated  by  the  puny  hand 
of  man.  On  the  vast  precipices,  slopes,  impending  rocks  and. 
chasms  of  the  Linville,  a  branch  of  the  Catawba,  it  darkens  the 
whole  horizon  and  presents  an  imposing  mass  of  intense  and 
monotonous  verdure.  It  generally  occupies  the  summits  of  the 
highest  rocky  ridges,  and.  sweeps  over  the  most  dangerous  and. 
inaccessible  declivities  to  the  margin  of  precipices,  some  of 
which,  overhanging  the  cove  of  Linville,  are  at  least  one  thou- 
sand feet  perpendicular.  To  the  north,  its  peculiar  verdure 
enables  us  to  trace  it  by  the  eye  continuously  to  the  vicinity 
and  summit  of  the  Grandfiither  Mountain,  and  it  seems,  Mr. 
William  Strickland,  who  introduces  this  species  into  England, 
(according  to  Loudon,)  stated  to  Mr.  Lambert,  that  he  observed 
large  forests  of  it  along  the  Blue  Mountains,  on  the  frontiers  of 
Virginia,  so  that  it  is  by  no  means  a  scarce  species,  but  affects 
the  alpine  heights  of  the  highest  of  the  Alleghanies,  which  can 
never  be  cultivated  or  nuule  use  of  b}^  man  except  for  wild 
pasturage. 
184 


TABLE     MOUNTAIN     PINE.  185 

At  Dropmore,  in  England,  in  18:17,  tlioro  was  ;i  specimen 
which  had  attained  the  height  of  tliirtv-lour  I'eet,  willi  a  dia- 
meter of  one  foot  nine  inches,  (Loudon.)  Li  the  cliaraeter  of 
its  cones  it  approaches  the  P.  sahutiana  of  Oregon.  The  (pialit y 
of  its  wood  is  unknown. 

John  Lenthal,  Esq.,  LInited  States  naval  constructor,  informs 
me  that  the  Pine  timber  in  most  general  use  in  the  Ignited 
States  Navy  is  the  fine-grain  long-leaf  Yellow  Tine,  (Piint-s 
imlustris,)  from  the  southern  parts  of  North  Caroliua.  Soulli 
Carolina,  and  Georgia,  wdiicli  is  fully  equal,  if  not  su^u'rior,  to 
the  Baltic  timber.  Upon  this  point  also  an  incorrect  idea 
prevails,  founded  upon  the  Yellow  Pine  that  finds  its  way  to 
the  European  market  from  Canada  and  Virginia,  l)eing  in 
general  of  the  coarse-grain  kind,  or  which  has  been  tai)ped 
for  the  turpentine,  such  not  being  used  by  the  government,  and 
by  the  merchant-builders  only  from  motives  of  economy. 

The  average  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  seasoned  Yellow  Pine 
is  from  forty-six  to  forty-eight  pounds.  It  is  very  doubt I'lil 
whether  any  of  the  best  quality  of  Southern  pine  is  exported. 

In  the  navy,  the  beams  and  decks,  together  with  the  planlv 
between  the  ports,  are  of  A'ellow  Pine,  [Pinus  varuihijis,  Lam- 
bert,) also  the  lower  masts,  yards,  and  topmasts.  The  Yellow 
Pine  of  New  Jersey  is  of  an  excellent  quality,  but  is  not  in 
sufficient  quantities  to  form  an  article  of  exportation  :  it  is  used 
in  New  York  and  Pennsylvania. 

The  only  Northern  pine  used  is  the  White  Pine,  and  that  for 
boards  and  such  purposes;  in  the  merchant-ships  it  is  used  for 
decks  and  single-stick  masts. 

From  the  oj^portunities  which  I  have  had  of  seeing  the  ma- 
terials made  use  of  in  the  European  dock-yards,  and  from  the 
specimens  in  my  possession,  I  have  reason  to  belie\e  tliat  <Mir 
materials  are  in  no  way  inferior  to  theirs,  and  our  shii)s  c.-r- 
tainly  last  as  long. 


v.— 12' 


SPRUCE    FIR. 

(Sapin,  Fr.) 


Natural    Order,    CoNiFERyE,    (Jussieu.)     Lhincean    Classification^ 

MONCECIA,    MONANDRIA. 
ABIES.*       (ToURxNEFORT.) 

The  plants  of  tliis  genus  differ  from  the  Pines,  with  whieli  thej 
have  usually  been  associated,  in  having  the  cones  less  decidedly 
grouped,  the  strobiles  cylindrically  conic,  the  scales  of  the  cone 
not  thickened  at  the  summit,  the  wing  of  the  seed  persistent,  and 
the  leaves  solitary,  partly  scattered,  and  more  or  less  disposed  in 
two  rows. 

These  are  evergreen  trees  of  Europe,  Asia,  and  America,  of  tall, 
erect,  and  often  pyramidal  forms,  clad  with  a  profusion  of  acerose 
foliage.  ITearly  all  the  species  are  hardy  in  cool  and  temperate  cli- 
mates, such  as  those  of  Britain  and  North  America.  The  genus  is 
so  strictly  natural  as  to  render  it  somewhat  difficult  to  define  the 
species. 

*  From  alico,  to  rise,  iu  allusion  to  their  aspiring  growth;  or  from  apios,  a 
Pear  Tree,  in  reference  to  the  form  of  their  fruit. 


ISG 


I'l  ("XV 


Abies    l)()ii'il;i.sii 


§  I.   Abies  proper. — S<-alc.<^  of  the  mnr  drhhioiis  ;   (tulJt,  rs  ih/iis- 

WHITE   SPRUCE   Flit. 

Abies  alba.  Dr.  Richardson,  in  his  Ai)})t'n(lix  to  Franklin's 
Tour  to  the  North,  mentions  this  tree  as  tlic  most  northnlv 
that  came  under  his  observation;  and  states  that,  on  tlic  Cop- 
permine River,  in  hititude  67P,  ^vithin  twenty  nnlcs  of  the 
Arctic  Sea,  it  attains  the  height  of  twenty  feet  or  more.  In  its 
native  forests  it  rarely  exceeds  fifty  feet  in  heiLiht.  Tiiere  is, 
however,  in  Down,  in  Irehmd,  (according;'  to  Loudon.)  a  tice, 
sixty  years  planted,  which  measures  fifty-live  f^-et  in  heiiilit  ; 
and  another  in  Galway,  at  Cool,  is  fiftj-six  feet  high  with  a 
diameter  of  two  and  a  half  feet. 


DOUGLAS'S   SPRUCE  FIR. 

Abies  Douglasii,  (Sabiuc  MSS.)  FoUis  Uncaribm  oblusis  .suhh/.o  albijis 
Ibiea  media  clccata  marghdbas  rcflexis,  strob'dis  creeds  oralis,  s<iii(iiius 
paucis  latissimis,  bracteoUs  obovato-lanccolalls  cxsertls  irijhli.^  njlxis^ 
lacinia  media  subidaia  lateralibus  merabranaccis  crosis  h>ii<ii'<ri. 

PiNus  (Abies)  Douglasii.— Hooker,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  I'ii', 
tab.  183.     Lamb.,  Pin.,  vol.  iii.  t.  00. 

Pixus  tax{/b^/«.— PuRsir,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  15 10.  Lamis.,  I'in., 
(ed.  2,)  vol.  ii.  tab.  47. 

This  plant,  in  the  dense  forests  of  the  northwest  coa^t  of 
America,  constitutes  one  of  the  largest  trees  known  in  eith-r 
hemisphere.  It  forms  a  pyramid  of  deep  verdnre.  which  in  all 
its  dimensions  may  almost  vie  with  the  loftiest  pyramids  ol  art. 


188  DOUGLAS'S     STRUCE     FIR. 

Its  vast  arms  spread  out  in  wide  circles  often  nearly  from  the 
ground ;  at  other  times  they  issue  from  the  summit  of  a  tall, 
colossal  shaft.  In  general  the  conic  outline  is  regularly  pre- 
served, and  stage  upon  stage,  the  branches,  decreasing  in  length, 
finish  by  a  pre-eminent  tuft  at  a  height  which  astonishes  the 
beholder.  It  was  one  of  these  trees,  in  all  probability,  which 
Lewis  and  Clarke  found  near  the  shores  of  the  Pacific  to  mea- 
sure near  upon  three  hundred  feet.  The  trunk  measures  from 
six  to  fifteen  feet  in  diameter.  Of  the  prostrate  stump  lying  at 
Fort  George,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Oregon,  noticed  by  Douglas, 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  still  remained,  without  any  branches, 
and  it  gave  a  circumference  of  forty-eight  feet  at  three  feet  from 
the  ground.  Its  ordinary  height  is  one  hundred  and  fifty  to 
two  hundred  feet.  The  bark  of  the  young  trees,  like  that  of 
the  Balm  of  Gilead  Fir,  has  its  receptacles  filled  with  a  clear 
yellow  and  aromatic  resin;  the  older  bark  is  rugged,  deeply 
furrowed,  and  from  nine  to  fifteen  inches  in  thickness.  The 
leaves  strongly  resemble  those  of  the  Balm  of  Gilead  or  Balsam 
Fir.  The  cones  are  about  three  inches  long,  terminal,  and 
single,  composed  of  a  very  small  number  of  wide,  rounded, 
entire,  persistent  scales,  from  between  which  are  seen  to  issue 
the  remarkable,  at  length  reflected,  trifid  bractes,  of  which  the 
central  segment  is  slender  and  elongated.  The  leaves,  about 
one  inch  long,  are  rather  numerous,  spread  out  in  two  direc- 
tions and  in  several  rows,  dark  green  above  and  silvery  beneath. 
The  male  catkins  are  short,  dense,  and  roundish.  The  anthers 
obcordate,  very  short,  two-celled ;  the  crest  very  short,  obtuse, 
tubercular. 

The  timber  is  heavy  and  firm,  with  few  knots,  about  as 
yellow,  nearly,  as  that  of  the  Yew,  and  not  liable  to  warp. 
naul<:s  have  Ijeen  sawn  of  it  at  Fort  Vancouver,  where  a  saw- 
mill has  been  estaljlished ;  l)ut  I  am  not  aware  of  their  quality. 
Its  rate  of  growth  in  London  appears  to  be  nearly  about  that 
of  the  Comuion   European  Spruce.     A  plant  at  Dropmore,  in 


l'\  CXVT. 


Mt'iizifS  .  "^pr/'i-t-  /•//■ 


.\l)i<'S  Alcii/ii'sii 


\i/iiii  ill-  .Htiiiu. 


MENZIES'S     SrurCE     FIR.  181) 

EngLand,   in   ten  years  had   attained    nineteen   Irct,   and   Ixjro 
several  cones. 

This  species  was  originally  discovered  hy  Mr.  Menzics  at 
Nootka  Sound,  in  1707,  during  the  voyage  of  Captain  A'aii- 
couver,  and  from  a  specimen  without  cones  or  lloucis  was  \ni\>- 
lished  a  description  hy  Mr.  Lamhert,  under  tlu-  nanic  of  /'nni.^ 
taxifoUa,  which  forms,  however,  a  distinct  variety  I»\  the  grcatrr 
length  of  its  leaves.  It  continues  along  the  nortliwcst  coast 
from  the  latitude  of  43°  to  52°,  and  constitutes  the  princij.al 
part  of  all  the  gloomy  forests  of  this  region,  extenihng  into  tlic 
valleys  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  eastward  to  the  nj)i)('r  waters 
of  the  Platte,  the  Blue  Mountains  of  Oregon;  and  we  found  it 
in  Thornberg's  high  alpine  ravine,  and  on  the  lofty  hills  of  Hear 
River  of  Timpanogos,  reduced  to  an  elegant  spreading  tree  of 
forty  or  fifty  feet  elevation. 

PLATE  CXV. 

A  branch  of  the  naiaral  size,  v:i.lh  the  cone. 


MENZIES'S   SPRUCE  FIR. 

Abies  Menziesii.  Bamis  verrucosis,  folils  pkinis  acidis  brccihus  vnduiuc 
versis  subius  argenieis,  strohilis  cjjlindraceis,  squamis  scariosis  cmimlo- 
ovalibiis  ixirmlis  margine  laceris,  bractcolis  brccibus  integris  acuwinnlis. 

PiNUS  3Ienziesii. — Lambert,  Pines,  vol.  iii.  tab.  8'J.  Loihun,  Ailx.r., 
vol.  iv.  p.  2321,  t.  2232. 

Tms  beautiful  and  very  distinct  s]Kx^ies  of  Fir  was  discovered 
by  Mr.  Douglas  on  the  northern  limits  of  California,  and  we 
found  it  to  constitute  the  principal  [)art  of  the  lofty  and  thirk 
forest  which  caps  the  summit  of  Cape  Disapjiointnient  at  the 
entrance  of  the  Columbia  or  Oregon. 


190  HEMLOCK     SPRUCE     FIR. 

The  branches  have  an  unusual  degree  of  rigidity,  and  are 
r^uite  remarkable,  when  divested  of  their  foliage,  (which  is  ex- 
ceedingly deciduous,)  for  the  elevated  bases  of  the  leaves  with 
Avhich  they  are  so  singularly  clad  and  muricated.  The  leaves 
are  unusually  short,  curved,  and  almost  equally  spread  all  round 
the  branch ;  they  have  also  an  abrupt  point,  and  are  truncated 
and  articulated  to  the  tubercles  of  the  branch.  The  cones  are 
very  elegant,  with  loose,  leaflike,  persistent,  thin  scales,  irregu- 
larly torn  on  the  edges ;  the  bracteoles  are  not  externally  visible, 
small,  and  acuminated.     The  seeds  are  also  small. 

Douglas  describes  the  wood  of  this  species  as  being  of  an  ex- 
cellent quality.  Plants  were  raised  in  the  vicinity  of  London, 
at  the  Horticultural  Society's  garden,  in  the  year  1832,  In 
1838,  a  plant  in  that  garden  was  nearly  three  feet  high,  and  it 
Is  propagated  by  cuttings. 

PLATE   CXVI. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  icith  the  cone.     a.   The  scale,     b.   The  seed. 


§  II.  Pice  A.     Scales  of  the  cone  ]}ersistent,  cxcavatecl  at  the  hase;  testa 
of  the  seed  woody.     Anthers  oj)ening  longitudinally/. 

HEMLOCK   SPRUCE  FIR. 

Abies  Canadensis.  To  the  localities  of  this  common  species 
we  may  also  add  the  northwest  coast  of  America,  where  it  Avas 
collected  hy  Dr.  Scouler,  and  has  been  observed  by  Dr.  Tolmie  as 
itxr  north  along  that  coast  as  Milbank  Sound  and  Stikine.  It  is 
a  tree  of  common  occurrence  in  the  Pine  forests  around  Vancouver 
and  along  the  high  banks  of  the  Wahlamet  and  the  Oregon. 


HEMLOCK     SmrCE     FI]{.  191 

The  Hemlock  Spruce  makes  very  good  boards,  sliin-lcs.  and 
scantling  when  seasoned;  it  is  very  proiuT  lor  lloors,  as  it  la.^ts 
long  and  never  shrinks.  Used  as  weatIu«i-I)oards  lor  honsrs,  attrr 
thirty  years'  exposure  I  have  observed  it  to  l.c  still  coinpaiativch- 
sound.  According  to  Marshall,  the  aborigines  made  use  of  tlic 
bark  to  dye  their  splints  for  baskets  of  a  red  color. 

S.  W.  Roberts,  Esq.,  Civil  Engineer,  writes  to  nie,  "Some  ^■ears 
ago  I  was  the  Resident  Engineer  of  the  Portage  Kaihoad  over 
the  Alleghany  Mountains.  When  it  was  coniinenced  in  js:;j, 
we  cut  a  road,  one  hundred  and  twenty  fet-t  wide,  tlnough  the 
forest  for  about  thirty  miles.  The  most  numerous  trees  were 
Hemlock  Spruce,  and  the  toil  of  making  the  preliminary  surveys 
w^as  much  increased  by  the  necessity  of  constantly  climbing  over 
or  creeping  under  the  immense  trunks  of  fallen  trees  of  tins 
sort,  which  were  lying  about  in  every  direction  in  that  prlmexai 
forest.  Old  Hemlocks  rot  rapidh^,  and  these  were  in  all  stages 
of  decay.  Hemlock  timber  was  rejected  in  the  construction  of 
the  railroad,  and  to  get  rid  of  the  trees  they  were  consunieil  in 
immense  fires.  White  Pine,  White  Oak,  aud  Locust  wei'e  n.^ed 
in  the  timber  structures  of  the  railway.  Locust,  from  its  liaiil- 
ness  and  great  durability,  was  preferred  for  the  cross-sills  of  tin- 
track,  but  the  sticks  were  too  small  for  most  other  uses.  AVhitr 
Oak  came  next  in  order,  and  then  White  Pine;  good  Yellow- 
Pine  we  could  not  get;  and  Piock  Oak  is  classed  ^\  itii  White  Oak 
for  railroad-sills,  and  is  probably  somewliat  uiore  dni-ahle. 

"Since  leaving  the  mountain  T  ]ia\c'  laid  down  railii>a<l  mud- 
sills of  Hemlock,  being  sound  sticks  of  small  size,  and  th.-y  will 
last  as  long  as  White  Pine." 


THE   GREAT   SILVER  FIR. 

Abies  grandis.  Foliis  jKctinatis  jykmis  ohtusis  suhtus  argenteis,  sirohilis 
erectis  cylindraceis  elongatis,  squamis  comjyaciis  latissimis,  bracteolis  ovatis 
acuminatis  erosis  squama  multo  bremoribus. 

Abies  grandis. — Lindley,  in  Penny  Cycl.,  'No.  3. 

PiNUS  grandis. — Douglas,  MSS.     Lamb.,  Pin.,  vol.  iii.  tab.  94, 

PiCEA  grandis. — Loudon,  vol.  iv.  p.  2341,  figs.  2245  and  2246. 

A  TALL,  stately  tree,  akin  to  A.  halsarma,  and  attaining  a  height 
of  one  hundred  and  seventy  to  two  hundred  feet.  According  to 
Douglas,  a  native  of  Northern  California,  in  low  moist  valleys, 
but  Ave  found  it  abundant,  and  constituting  considerable  tracts, 
between  Fort  Vancouver  and  the  neighboring  saw-mill,  six  or 
seven  miles  above  the  fort,  where  many  logs  had  been  cut  down 
and  sawn  into  planks,  which  were  taken  for  sale  to  Oahu,  one  of 
the  Sandwich  Islands.  It  also  grew  in  the  Pine  woods  of  Wappa- 
too  Island,  in  both  which  places  it  was  frequently  about  two 
hundred  and  forty  feet  in  height.  The  w^ood  was  found  to  be 
soft,  white,  and  coarse-grained,  yet  very  well  suited  for  flooring 
and  other  purposes  when  better  timber  could  not  be  had.  This 
tree  mostly  presents  a  tall  naked  shaft  of  one  hundred  or  more 
feet  in  height,  when  it  commences  to  branch  with  a  high,  spread- 
ing, pyramidal  summit;  the  bark  is  smooth  and  brownish,  the 
leaves  pectinate  and  spreading,  in  about  two  rows,  linear,  round- 
ish at  the  point,  and  often  notched,  green  above  and  silvery 
beneath,  somewhat  dilated  toward  the  apex,  and  about  an  inch 
long.  The  cones  lateral,  single,  cylindrical  and  ol)tuse,  some- 
thing like  those  of  A.  cedrus,  (the  Cedar  of  Lebanon,)  about 
three  and  a  half  inches  long  and  two  inches  broad,  of  a  brown 
color;  the  scales  transverse,  very  broad,  deciduous,  and  quite 
entire.      Bracteoles  ovate-acuminate,  irregularly  notched  along 

the  margin,  and  much  shorter  than  the  scales. 
192 


II  crni 


.\btes  Nobilis 


Sgc^jiuteJ  SiU^tr/x-r 


Sitva^v^Ma.'- 


DECORATED     SILVER     F  T  R.  193 

The  Piiim  amahlli.s  o^  Douglas  is  pmljulilv  a  mvw  v:iricl\-  u[' 
the  present.  London  gives  two  figures  from  Douglas's  s[KH-iiiiciis 
in  the  Herbarium  of  the  London  Horticultural  Socich-,  (-J-JIT 
and  2248.)  The  cone  is,  however,  said  to  be  twice  as  large  as 
that  of  specimens  of  A.  gnuidis  sent  home  by  Douglas,  luimeh', 
six  mches  long  and  two  and  a  half  l)i-();ul;  the  Icmvcs  are  likewise 
entire,  instead  of  being  notched.  In  other  respects  no  dillereuce 
is  visible.  Young  plants  are  growing  in  the  society's  garden  at 
Chiswick. 


DECORATED   SILVER  FIR. 

Abies  xobilis.  FolUs  falcalis  brcvibus  acuds  suhdis  arr/mfri.'^,  straliiUs 
ereciis,  ovato-cylindracds  elongatis,  squamis  ladssimis,  ^/v/r/coZ/.s  (l',hii<ii<,- 
spathulaiis  dejlexis  squamas  iegentibus,  crosis  medio  suhnhiio-afumiiKilis. 

PiNUS  nohilis. — ^Douglas,  MSS.  Lamb.,  Pin.,  vol.  ii.  last  tlgnre. 
Hooker,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  1G2. 

PiCER  nohilis. — Loudon,  Arboret.,  vol.  iv.  p.  2243,  figs.  2240  and  22.")0. 

According  to  Donglas,  this  singular  species  is  a  majestic  tree, 
forming  vast  forests  on  the  mountains  of  Nortlieru  (  alilninia. 
and  produces  timber  of  an  excellent  quality.  ''I  spent  three 
weeks  in  a  forest  composed  of  this  tree,"  he  says,  '"aiiil  day  by 
day  could  not  cease  to  admire  it."  Accordiug  to  Dr.  (laiidner, 
specimens  were  brought  to  Fort  Vancouver  by  the  Indians,  fioui 
the  Great  Falls  of  the  Columbia.  (It  is  known  to  them  by  Hn; 
name  of  Tach-tuch.) 

The  cone,  six  to  seven  inches  long  and  eight  to  nine  in  eircnin- 
ference,  is  quite  peculiar,  ha\^ng  its  scales  entirely  conceal. -d  hy 
the  large  reflected  and  even  ind)ri(ated  biacteolc.^,  (or  unier 
scales,)  torn  on  the  margin  and  terminated  in  the  centre  by 
stiff  projecting  awl-shaped  points.  The  true  scales  are  bn.adly 
lamellar,  stalked  beneath,  copiously  c.ncred  with   minute  d<.\\ii. 

Vol.  v.— 13 


104  LEAFY- CONED     SILVER    FIR. 

in-curved,  and  quite  entire  on  the  margin.  The  leaves  are 
crowded  in  two  rows,  linear,  somewhat  falcate,  usually  acute, 
compressed,  trigonal,  flat  above,  and  marked  with  a  depressed 
line,  silvery  or  paler  beneath,  and  scarcely  one  bach  long. 

To  me  this  species  appears  very  evidently  allied  to  A.  Douglassi, 
particularly  in  that  stage  of  its  growth  where  the  bracteoles  are 
reflected. 

Plants  of  this  species  are  also  living  in  the  vicinity  of  London. 

PLATE  CXVII. 

A  branch  loitli  fruit,     a.  Tlie  leaf.     b.  The  bracte. 


LEAFY-CONED   SILVER  FIR. 

Abies  bracteata.  Foliis  bifariam  jyaieniibus  mucronatis  j)l(^nis  suhtus 
argenteis,  sirobiUs  ovatis  erectis  squamis  reniformibus,  bractcolis  trilobiSy 
lacinia  intermedia  longissima  foliacea  recurvata. 

PiNUS  bracteata. — D.  Don,  in  Liu.  Transact.,  vol.  xvii.  p.  443.  Lam- 
bert's Pines,  vol.  iii.  tab.  91.  Loudon,  Arboret.,  vol.  iv.  p.  2348, 
fig.  2256. 

PiNUS  venusta. — Douglas,  in  Compan.  to  Botan.  Magaz.,  vol.  ii.  p.  152. 

Tuts  curious  and  interesting  species  of  Fir  was,  it  seems,  dis- 
covered by  Douglas,  in  March,  1832,  on  the  high  mountains  of 
the  Oregon.  Dr.  Coulter,  from  whose  specimens  it  was  described 
l)y  D.  Don,  found  it  in  latitude  36°  on  the  sea-side  mountain- 
range  of  Santa  Lucia,  about  one  thousand  feet  lower  down  than 
the  situation  of  the  Plnus  Coulterl.  According  to  this  gentleman, 
the  nearly  naked,  slender  trunk  rises  to  the  height  of  one  hundred 
and  twenty  feet,  as  straight  as  an  arrow,  and  not  exceeding  two 
feet  in  circumference.     The  upper  third  of  the  tree  is  clothed 


ri  rrviTi 


Abirps   Kraoleata 

Ua/y  c9Tvtd  SOrerFir  Sapi-n  hr.uia 


DOWXY-CONED     SILVER     FIR.  195 

with  branches,  givmg  it  the  appearaiu-o  of  an  clon-atcd  px  rami.]. 
The  branches  are  spreading,  and  tlie  lower  (.iics  (IccumlH'iit.  The 
bractes  are  long  and  recurved,  and  l.nl  little  clian-v.l  IV..111  llic 
character  of  ordinary  leaves,  which  gives  (he  coihs  a  vcr\  imcm- 
liar  and  singular  appearance.  It  is  onl\-  the  mid. He  l.rainlirs 
that  produce  cones  when  on  the  tree,  being  in  gn-at  clusters,  and, 
seen  at  a  great  elevation,  the  cones  strikingly  resemljle  the  l>ank- 
sia's  in  their  inflorescence. 

The  leaves  are  crowded,  hut  in  two  rows,  liiiear-imicronate, 
flat,  and  rigid,  two  to  three  inches  long,  one  line  hroa.l.  li-ht- 
green  and  shining  above,  silvery  beneath.  Cones  on  adidt 
branches  only,  single,  lateral,  almost  sessile,  erect,  o\ate.  and 
turgid,  four  inches  long  and  two  inches  in  diameter,  scaly  at  the 
base.  Scales  of  the  cone  kidney-shaped,  roundish,  coneaA-e, 
stalked,  thick  and  indurated,  pale  brown,  in-curved  on  the  mai- 
gin,  crenulate,  and  externally  glaucous.  The  bracteoles  wedge- 
shape,  coriaceous  and  rigid,  of  the  same  color  as  the  scales,  hut 
shorter,  three-lobed  at  the  summit,  the  lateral  lobes  short,  round- 
ish, and  UTegiilarly  dentate,  the  middle  segment  recurved,  an 
inch  and  a  half  long,  and  resembling  a  true  leaf  in  every  respect, 
but  only  half  their  breadth. 

This  singular  tree  is  scarcely  mtroduced  into  Euro[)e. 

PLATE    CXVIII. 

A  ticlg  icilh  the  cone  reduced,     a.   The  Ic/f.     b.  Tin  bnn-lc. 


DOWXY-COXED    SILVER  Fill. 

Abies  lasiocakpa.  Fnfiis  obtasis  pmhiiffis  concobirlb".^;  sfmbib's  ?  s'/uanns 
latis  sabrotundatis  cxtas  dense  ftm-o-pubcsccnfibiis,  brariiulis  bite  obonii;.<t 
vix  denticidatis  squama  subduplo-brerimbus  ap'ice  mH<'r<,uatu-arui,di,iitls. 

PiNUS  (abies)  hsiocarpa.—llooKYM,  Fk)r.  15or.  Am.  vol  ii.  j..  W-l. 


196  FRASER'S     BALSAM     FIR. 

Tuis  remarkable  species,  as  it  regards  the  character  of  the 
scales  of  the  cone,  was,  it  appears,  discovered  on  the  northwest 
coast,  (probably  in  Upper  California,)  by  the  late  Mr.  Douglas, 
in  his  last  eventful  journey.  Little  is  known  of  it,  as  there  are 
no  entire  cones  accompanying  the  solitary  specimen  of  this 
interesting  plant.  The  scales  of  the  cone  are  clothed  with  a 
dense  and  almost  ferruginous  down.  The  leaves  are  longer 
than  in  any  other  American  species. 


FRASER'S  BALSAM  FIR. 

Abies   Frasert.     Follis  emargbiaiis  subius  argcntds,  sirohilis  ohlongo- 

ovatis,  bracieoUs  obcordatls  mucronatis  exsertis  reficxis. 
PiNUS  Frascri. — Pursh,  Flor.  Bor.  Am.,  vol.  ii.  p.  639.     Lamb.,  Pin., 

(ed.  2,)  vol.  i.  t.  42. 
PiCEA  Fraserl. — Loudon,  Arboretum,  vol.  iv.  p.  2340,  figs.  2243  and 

2244. 

This  species,  so  nearly  allied  to  the  Balsam  Fir,  [A.  hahamca,) 
was  discovered  on  the  high  mountains  of  Carolina,  by  Fraser, 
and  on  the  Broad  Mountains  in  Pennsylvania,  by  Pursh,  who 
first  described  it.  It  is  a  smaller  tree  than  A.  halsam.ea,  or  rather 
compact  bush,  seldom  exceeding  ten  feet  in  height;  the  leaves 
are  shorter  and  more  erect,  and  the  cones  about  one-half  the 
size.  It  was  introduced  into  England  by  Mr.  Fraser  in  1811, 
and  the  original  tree  in  the  Hammersmith  Nursery,  in  1837, 
was  fifteen  feet  high,  and  had  for  two  or  three  years  produced 
cones,  but  no  male  catkins. 

It  is  omitted  by  Michaux,  who  probably  considered  it,  as  I 
did,  a  mere  variety  of  A.  halsamea.  It  is,  however,  a  perfectly- 
distinct  species. 

Leaves  short,  secund,  and  crowded  round  the  branch,  linear. 


I'l  rxi\ 


J-'rasers  Bii/s<i/ii  fir 


Allies     l"'i  ;i  sen. 


Sfip'fi  ifi'  /■'ni:--r 


FRASER'S     BALSA^r     FIR. 


!!'• 


siibfalcate,  flat,  emargiiiate,  rarely  ciilir.',  tl,,.  i,,:,,-;,,  ;,n,l  lil, 
prominent  and  obtuse,  beneath  silverv  niul  scuH^tiines  biscilat.-, 
about  half  an  inch  long.  Masculiue  am.'iits  Iciminal.  cinw.!,,!, 
oblong,  subtended  at  base  by  numerous  ohovatc  Hinhiiat.-, 
membranaceous,  caducous  scales.  Anthers  two-cdlrd.  (.[uMiiug 
longitudinally,  uith  a  small  subrenilbrm,  eutire,  callous  <Test. 
Cones  aggregated  by  two  or  tliree  together,  sessile.  ,,I,l,,i,g, 
obtuse,  cinereous,  puberulous,  about  two  inches  loii;j;  the  scal.'s 
cuneate-rounded,  below  subcordate  and  unguiculatc  the  luai-in 
entire  and  inflected.  The  dorsal  appendage  or  hracte  ohlon-- 
obcordate,  cartilaginous,  subfoliaceous,  with  a  thin  eiosc  mar-in, 
twice  the  length  of  the  scales,  reflected,  with  an  ahrni)t  snhnlate 
short  point.  Seed  black,  shining,  with  an  oblong  striated  wing, 
with  an  interior  straight  margin. 

PLATE   CXIX. 

A  branch  of  the  natural  size,  with  cones,   a.  The  leaf.    h.  The  seal',    c.  The 

scale  and  hracte. 


It  is  remarkable  to  find  that  the  Pines,  In-  mountain-eleva- 
tions, extend  their  geographic  range  even  to  the  tropics,  and  \\e 
have  thus,  in  the  Pliius  Occidentalis,  a  Pine  indigenous  to  tlie 
island  of  St.  Domingo;  it,  however,  inhal)its  a  range  of  innun- 
tains  on  wdiich  snow^occasionalh' falls,  notwithstanding  the  warm 
latitude  in  which  it  is  found. 

In  the  herbarium  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  (»f 
Philadelphia,  we  have  a  specimen  with  staminiferous  llow«'rs, 
also  from  the  island  of  Cuba,  collected  hy  M.  La  Sagra.  whi.h 
appears  to  be  a  variety  of  Plnus  M<fiit>::iiiit<t  of  Lambert,  dis- 
covered by  Humboldt  and  Bonpland,  on  Ori/aha  and  other 
mountains  of  Mexico.  As  this  variety  a]>pears  distinct.  1  pro- 
pose to  distinguish  it  as 


198  SINCLAIR'S     PINE. 

PiNUS  MoNTEZUM^E,  ^  CtJBENSis.  FolUs  tevnis  p'celongis  acuminatis 
siriatis,  margine  scahris  intus  carinaiis  concoloribus,  amentis  mascuUs 
fuscatis  elongaiis,  antherarum  crista  rotundata  convexa  iniegriuseula 
maxima. 

Leaves  always  in  threes,  seven  to  eight  inches  long,  rigid, 
and  serrulated,  with  a  longish  rigid  acuminate  point,  the  keel 
shallow  and  also  rough ;  sheath  persistent,  rather  short,  the  outer 
stipular  scales  torn  on  the  margins.  Male  aments  about  two 
inches  long.  The  scale-like  brown  summits  of  the  connectivum 
of  the  anthers  imbricated  almost  like  the  scales  of  a  fertile  cone ; 
two-thirds  of  a  line  wide,  rounded,  almost  reniform,  the  border 
equal,  somewhat  paler,  and  membranaceous,  slightly  eroded,  (as 
seen  through  a  glass.)     Anthers  two-celled. 


SINCLAIR'S   PINE. 

PiNUS  SiNCLAiRii.  FoUis  tcmis  acicidaribus  elongatis  gracilihus  supra, 
canaliculatis  dorso  convexis  margine  aspcris,  strobilis  basi  obliqids  pedali- 
bus  oblongis,  sqiiamis  cuneatis  elongatis,  apicibus  crassis,  elevato-ietragonis 
centra  tubercido  spinidoso  uncinato  instructis. — IIook.  and  ARNOTT.,Bot. 
Beech.,  p.  392,  t.  93. 

This  species,  according  to  Dr.  Sinclair,  covers  the  hills  from 
Monterey  to  Carm.el,  and  Point  Pinos.  It  is  the  supposed  P.  rigida 
brought  from  California  by  Menzies,  and  forms  a  stately  tree 
seventy  or  eighty  feet  high.  The  leaves  are  ternate  or  occasion- 
ally binate,  three  to  four  inches  long,  rigid,  sharp  but  slender. 
The  cone  is  about  a  foot  long ;  the  scales  two  to  three  inches 
long,  three-quarters  of  an  inch  broad,  cuneate,  thickened,  and 
quadrangular  at  the  apex,  with  a  short,  reflected,  sharp,  rigid 
inucro.     It  appears  to  be  allied   to  P.  Moidcziimm. 


V\    VXX 


Larix  occidejit  uliK 


L  A  R  C  II. 

(Le  Melk/,e,  Fr.) 


Natural    Order,  Conifer^e.     Linna^an   Classijlvaia>it,    Monckc  ia, 

MOXAXDKIA. 
LARIX.*       (TOURXEFORT.) 

The  plants  of  tins  genns  difler  from  the  rines  and  Firs  in  haviii:^ 
deciduous,  clustered  leaves.  Anthers  opening  longitudinally. 
Bractes  colored  and  persistent.  The  cones  are  erect,  with  the 
scales  excavated  at  the  base  and  persistent. 

Deciduous-leaved  trees  with  globular,  proliferous  buds,  usually  of 
large  dimensions,  natives  of  the  mountainous  regions  of  JCui-oj.c, 
the  West  of  Asia,  and  of  North  America;  highly  valued  for  the 
great  durability  of  their  timber. 


WESTERN   LARCH   TREE. 

Larix  Occidentalis.  FoWs  rigidis  utrinque  hkamUcuJatls,  strohHis 
ovatls  majuscuUs,  hradeolls  sublanccolatis  inicfjris  hwgi^simc.  fulkuro- 
acuminaiis  squarrosis. 

We  met  with  this  apparently-distinct  species  of  Larch  in  the 
coves  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  on  the  wcstcin  >l<.|'o  toward  th«' 
Oregon.     It  resembles  the  European   Larch,  but  the  K-avi-s  arc 


*  Supposed  to  be  from  the  Celtic  f"r,  fat,  in  :.lhiM.,n  tu  tl.r  ahuii-lau.'.'  <.f  r.-.^ii 

which  it  affords. 

199 


200  WESTERN    LARCH     TREE. 

.shorter,  thicker,  and  quite  rigid,  so  as  to  be  pungent  at  the 
points;  and  the  leaves,  having  a  double  channel  above  and 
beneath,  are,  though  flat,  in  part  tetragonal;  the  central  rib 
beneath  is  very  wide  and  obtuse ;  they  are  also  shining.  The 
longest  leaf  is  scarcely  an  inch.  The  cone,  (not  perfect,)  in  a 
young  state,  has  no  vestige  of  pubescence,  and  the  bractes  with 
their  leafy  points  are  half  an  inch  long,  ovate-lanceolate,  a  little 
torn  on  the  upper  edges ;  the  centre  is  carried  out  into  a  true 
rigid-channelled  and  pungent  green  leaf  It  appears  allied  to 
L.  pendula,  but  the  leaves  are  twice  as  thick.  The  quality  of 
its  wood  or  any  thing  concerning  its  economy  we  had  no  oppor- 
tunity to  learn ;  that  of  the  Small-coned  American  Larch  (La- 
rix  microcarjpa)  is  so  ponderous  that  it  will  scarcely  swim  in 
water. 

The  European  Larch  [Larix  Ewopasa)  thrives  well  in  the 
northern  parts  of  the  Union,  particularly  round  Boston,  and  is 
at  once  extremely  useful  and  ornamental.  In  suitable  situations 
the  timber  arrives  at  perfection  in  forty  years,  or  in  about  half 
the  time  as  that  of  the  Scotch  Pine,  and  it  is  found  to  grow  best 
in  poor  sandy  and  rocky  soils  where  scarcely  any  thing  else  will 
survive.  When  fully  grown,  it  attains  the  height  of  from  sixty 
to  one  hundred  and  thirty  feet.  Its  durability,  exposed  either 
to  the  action  of  the  air  or  water,  is  without  any  parallel.  The 
wood  is  also  of  a  beautiful  yellowish-white  color,  sometimes  in- 
clining to  brown,  very  hard,  capable  of  receiving  a  degree  of 
polish  equal  to  any  wood  yet  known,  and  much  superior  in  this 
respect  to  that  of  the  finest  mahogany.  The  log  cottages  con- 
structed of  the  squared  trunks  of  Larch,  in  the  valleys  and 
other  parts  of  Switzerland,  last  for  centuries  without  alteration ; 
it  is  also  used  for  shingles  to  cover  the  roofs  of  the  houses,  and 
I'or  vine-props.  For  the  latter  purpose  it  is  found  the  most 
durable  of  all  kinds  of  wood :  the  vine-props  made  of  it  are 
never  taken  up ;  they  remain  fixed  for  an  indefinite  succession 
of  years,  and  see  crop  after  crop  of  the  vines  S2)ring  up,  bear 


AVE  STERN     LAKCII     T  H  K  K.  201 

their  fruit,  and  prrisli  at  tlidr  Hvt,  wilhout  >li(.uiiiLr  aii\-  s\iii|»- 
toms  of  decay.  In  most  cases,  the  iimprictors  of  the  viiif\ai.ls 
are  perfectly  ignorant  of  the  epoch  when  thcM'  pn.ps  uciv  fuM 
placed  there;  they  received  them  in  their  present  state  from 
their  fathers,  and  in  the  same  state  they  will  transmit  them  to 
their  sons.  Props  made  of  the  Silver  Fir.  and  nse.j  fur  the 
same  purpose,  would  not  last  more  than  ten  years,  'i'he  wood 
of  the  Larch,  according  to  llartig,  weiglis  (IS  Ihs.  1 :;(./.  per 
cubic  foot  when  green,  and  uG  Ihs.  (\  o/.  when  (h\.  and  it  is 
said  to  last  four  times  longer  than  that  of  any  other  tree  of  tl»e 
Abietina?. 

Venice  Turpentine  is  one  of  its  products,  for  which  tlie  ti-uidc 
is  tapped;  and  a  full-grown  Larch  will  yield  annually  si-ven  or 
eight  pounds  for  forty  or  iifty  years  in  succt'ssion. 

The  bark  is  also  used  for  tanning,  and  considered  eipml  to 
that  of  the  Birch,  which  is  used  for  that  purpo-e  in  Russia  and 
Sweden. 

The  fine  grain  of  the  larch-wood,  as  well  as  its  durability 
and  stability,  have  long  recommended  it  to  painters  for  their 
palettes,  and  for  j^ainting  panels;  and,  according  to  I'liny.  it 
was  employed  for  this  purpose  by  the  ancients;  and  K\elvn 
remarks,  that  several  of  the  paintings  of  liaphael  are  on  larch- 
wood. 

PLATE  CXX. 

Branch  of  the  natural  size,  icith  l/u'  conr.     a.  The  haf.     b.  Thi  brarl,  <./ 

iJie  cone. 


\  —1 3* 


P  1  S  0  N  I  A.* 

(PisoNE,  Fr.) 


Natttral    Order,    Nyctagine^,    (Jussieu.)      Llauwan    Chtssijlca- 

tlon,  POLYGAMIA,  DltEClA. 

PolyctAMOUS  dkecious. —  Calyx  campauulate,  witli  tlie  deciduous  bor- 
der plaited  and  5-cleft.  ISTo  corolla.  Capsule  of  one  cell,  contain- 
ing one  seed,  without  valves,  clothed  by  the  pentangular,  dry,  or 
succulent  base  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  six  to  eight,  exserted.  Style 
simple  ;  the  stigma  bifid. 

Small  trees,  chiefly  of  the  tropical  parts  of  America  and  India. 
The  leaves  alternate  or  nearly  opposite,  entire ;  the  flowers  small 
and  herbaceous,  in  axillary  or  terminal  racemes  or  cymes. 


PRICKLY  PISONIA,  or  FINGRIGO. 

(PiSONE    EPINEUSE,  Fr.) 

PisoNiA  ACULEATA.  Spuiis  axUlaribus,  imtcnUssimis ;  foUis  ovafh,  vtnn- 
que  acutis,  subacuminatis,  glabriusculls ;  calycihiis  dcmiim  aeulcatis  ylu- 
iinosis. 

*  Named  by  Plumicr  iu  houor  of  Piso,  who  wrote  ou  the  Natural  History  of 
Brazil. 

202 


I'l    «XXl 


Pisonia   x\riLleata. 


X 


PRICKLY     riSoXIA.  203 

PiSONiA  acuJcafa.—L,^^.^  Sp.  pi.     J.vcq.,  Ainn-.,   p.  I'TI.     ( l.rirrNKK., 

De  Fruet.  cent.,  vol.  v.  t.  TD,  f.  4.     Lam.,  Illust.,  l.  .scL     Pi.i  mii;u. 

Gen.,  p.  7,  t.  11,  et  Icon.  '2-27,  lig.  1. 
PisoNiA  assurgcns,  sarmcnfo  vaUdo;  foliis  oral,\  u/rm</t/r  pmJarlls ;  sj>;,us 

validis,  recunis;  raccmis  lafcr(di/>u.-\—V>iU)\\s]:,  .Lim.,  p.  2.')S. 
EiiAMXus  seu  li/cium,  fimjrigo  Jamaiccnsibus  doi>iNi.—ViAK.,  AlmaLf.,  p. 

318,  t.  108,  f.  2. 
Paliuro  affinis;  arbor  spinosa^JIure  /arlHirm,  j>r,>f>tj,<  /alnid,  ,-  fnirtn  sn-m, 

nudo,  canallcidaio,  lappaeco.—SLOA^E,  Jam.,  p.  I;j7 ;    Jli.st.,  v.,1.  ii. 

p.  25,  t.  167.     Rai,  Dcnd.,  p.  Oo. 

This  inelegant  but  curious  trailiii--liraiiclic(l  tivc  is  in.li- 
genous  to  Jamaica,  Cuba,  and  otlier  of  the  West  India  Islands, 
and  Brazil,  where  it  attains  the  height  of  twi'Kc  to  t\\(iit\-  feet, 

with   a   diameter  of  eight    to    ten    inches.      It   Inis   also   1 n 

observed  at  Key  West  by  Dr.  Blodgett.  'I'lic  >piii\  branches 
droojD  and  trail  dififusel}^,  so  as  to  form  thickets  which  are  m-w 
troublesome  to  traverse;  the  spines,  short  and  ci'doketh  seize  on 
the  clothing  of  the  traveller,  and  the  glutinous  capsules  adhere 
to  every  thing  they  happen  to  touch.  The  wings  of  some  of 
the  birds,  particularly  the  ground-doves,  are  sometimes  so  loaded 
with  the  berry-capsnles  as  to  render  them  incapalile  of  lI\inL^ 
With  its  uses  and  other  properties  we  are  uinn-(pniinte(l.  Other 
species,  allied  to  the  present,  also  inhabit  the  We>t  Indies,  of 
wdiich  the  wood  is  said  to  be  of  inferior  value. 

The  bark  of  the  trunk  of  this  tree  is  even,  and  of  a  dark 
brown.  The  branches  are  almost  opposite.  The  leaxcs  simple. 
petiolated,  oval,  somewhat  rigid,  often  shortly  acuminated  ami 
acute  at  the  base,  nearly  opposite,  one  and  a  half  inches  lon^:, 
and  sometimes  nearly  as  wide;  the  midrib  lieneath  is  often 
covered  partly  with  short,  close  hairs.  The  spines  are  short, 
stout,  and  recurved.  Tlie  campamdate  (lowers  ajipear  \\itli 
the  expansion  of  the  leaves  towaid  the  extremities  of  tin- 
branches,  in  rounded  downy  corymbs ;    th<y  are  small,  yellow- 


204  r  R  I  C  K  L  Y    P  I  S  0  N  I  A. 

isli-Gfrecn,  furnislicd  at  the  base  with  two  or  three  small  scale- 
like  bractes,  and  have  somewhat  the  scent  of  elder-flowers; 
the  border  is  five-cleft,  the  segments  very  spreading,  short, 
oval,  and  acnte.  The  stamens  about  six.  The  fruiting  corymb 
becomes  widely  divaricate  and  dichotomous.  The  fruit  is  dry, 
club-shaped,  pedunculated,  having  its  five  angles  beset  with  rows 
of  very  glutinous  asperities.  The  seeds  are  even,  oval,  and 
oblong. 


END    OF    vol..  II.  OF    NUTTALL. 


INDEX 


TO   THE   PLANTS    i:Nr.\li:il  \T 


NOllTII  AMEllICAN   SVI,V.\ 

OF   M I  C  II A U  X    AND    N  U  T T  A  1. 1, : 

ArraiujciJ   !n    fJii  ir  Xafirra/  Fin)ii/i<s,  nccnrdiin/  in   tlir  Si/strni  <•!'  I)r.  l,iMi|,f^ 
ax  laid  (/uicii  in  (he  "  Vcyitablr  KiiKjthnn,"  Lnmlun,  ls|(» 


THE    NAMKS    OF    SYNONYMS    AllE    IN    ITALICS. 


Vol.     Pa-f 

Class  4th.     ENDOGENS. 

Alliance  9tli.  Palmales. 

Order  38tli.     raliiuiceic. 

Chamferops 

palmetto ^lirli.  iii.       5 

Class  6th.     GYMXOGENS. 
Order  74th.     Pinaceiv;. 

Pinus 

amahilh Xutt.  ii.  VX\ 

Australia Midi.  iil.  I'M". 

Bankslana '"  iii.     '•*•"> 

do Niitt.  ii.  1S2 

hracteafa '*  ii.  li'4 

Califoniiana  "  ii.  !"•) 

ceinhra  '"  ii.  P''^ 

contorta ''  ii.  lT<i 

Coulteri "  ii.  171 

excelsa  ''  ii.  177 

flexilis "  ii.  P>7 

Frmcri ''  ii.  P-"' 

gramiis '"  ii-   1''- 

]lHihuiu(( "•  ii.   l''^- 


Pinus 

inops Midi. 

insi^iiis Nutt. 

Lainbertiaiia " 

la.><iocarpa '* 

Jfcnzicsii *• 

iiiiti.-^ Mii'h. 

Muiitezmiia' Niitt. 

inontiroJa,  Dntii:.    " 

niuricata  *' 

iiohilix '• 

()ccid<'nt:tli.- '• 

pahistris " 

-/,/ .Mi.-h. 

]i;itiil;i  .N'litl. 

Jiilica Mii-li. 

pi»ii(lci(i>;i Nutt. 

]iiniL'<'Iis ** 

An .Midi. 

railiata  .Nutt, 

r<'si)tii!<ii Mii'li. 

(lu .Nutt. 

(in '• 

riiriilii .Midi. 

iul>i:i '* 

nipi'-tris  " 

•JO. 


V.l.     I'.vd 


III. 

Ki:; 

ii. 

17» 

ii. 

IMI 

II. 

1 ".'.'. 

II. 

l^'.t 

III. 

:m; 

ii. 

i:k 

ii. 

177 

ii. 

\~rl 

11. 

1'.'.: 

ii. 

r.'7 

11. 

1  V.'. 

iii. 

in.; 

ii. 

17.'. 

HI. 

'.•:*i 

ii. 

17;; 

ii. 

IM 

iii. 

in.-, 

ii. 

17.-. 

HI. 

'.'1 

II. 

17J 

II. 

1-" 

111. 

IP^ 

III. 

'.'1 

III. 

'.i.i 

206 


INDEX. 


Vol.     Page 

rinus 

rnpestris Nutt.    ii.  182 

Sabiniana "        ii.  169 

serotina  Midi.  iii.  117 

Sinclairii Nutt.    ii.  198 

strobus "        ii.  176 

do Midi.  iii.  126 

sylvestris "       iii.    99 

do Nutt.    ii.  182 

tffida Midi.  iii.  123 

taxifolia Nutt.    ii.  187 

t'uberculata,  Don     "  ■     ii.  174 

variabilis "        ii.  175 

venusta,  Douglas     "        ii.  104 

Abies 

alba Midi.  iii.  144 

do Nutt.    ii.  187 

balsamea "        ii.  192 

balsamifera Midi.  iii.  150 

bracteata  Nutt.    ii.  194 

Canadensis Mich.  iii.  146 

do Nutt.    ii.  190 

cedrus "        ii.  192 

Douo;lasii  "        ii.  187 

grandis "        ii.  192 

Fraseri "        ii.  190 

lasiocarpa "        ii.  195 

Menziesii "       ii.  189 

nigra Mich.  iii.  139 

nobilis Nutt.    ii.  193 

picea Mich.   ii.  137 

Larix 

Americana "  iii.  167 

cedrus  "  iii.  170 

Europoca Nutt.  ii.  200 

microcarpa "  ii,  200 

Ocddcntalis "  ii.  199 

pendula "  ii.  200 

P/'rea 

Fraseri "  ii.  196 

jjrandis "  ii.  192 

'Hohilis "  ii.  193 

Jul  li  penis 

andina "  ii.  157 

Barbadensis "  ii.  158 

OeckhmtaliS,l\.ook.''^  ii.  157 

Sabina  "  ii.  158 

Virginiana "  ii.  159 

do Mich.  iii.  173 


Vol.    Page 

Thuja 

cxcelsa Nutt.  ii.  165 

gigantea Nutt.  ii.  162 

Me7izu'sii,  Doug..    "  ii.  163 

Occidentalis "  ii.  163 

do Mich,  iii.  177 

plicata  Nutt.  ii.  164 

Cupressus 

disticha Mich.  iii.  155 

do Nutt,    ii.  161 

Nutkatensis  "        ii.  165 

thyoides "        ii.  165 

do Mich.  iii.  162 

Taxodium 

distichum Nutt.    ii.  161 

do Mich.  iii.  155 

sempervirens Nutt.    ii.  160 

Order  75.     Taxacere. 

Taxus 

baccata Nutt.  ii.  149 

brevifolia  "  ii.  149 

Canadensis "  ii.  150 

Floridana "  ii.  155 

nucifera "  ii.  155 

Torreya 

taxifolia "        ii.  153 

Class  7th.     EXOGENS. 

Sub-class  1.     Diclinous  Exogens. 

Alliance  18th.     Amentales. 

Order  78th.     Betulacesc. 

B etui a 

alba Nutt.  i.  42 

do ]\ridi.  ii,  73 

ca7yinifolia,  A,]Mich. "  ii.  85 

excelsa,  Alton "  ii,  82 

fruticosa Nutt.  i.  42 

glandulosa "  i.  42 

lanulosa,  A.Mich,  Mich,  ii.  80 

lenta "  ii.  85 

lutea "  ii.  82 

nana Nutt.  i.  42 

nigra^^WWd Mich.  ii.  80 

Occidentalis Nutt.  i.  40 

papyracea  "  i,  42 

do Mid),  ii.  70 

7)ap//r/f'cra,  A.WK'h.  "■  ii.  70 

populit'olia "  ii.  78 


I  N  D  E  X. 


Betula 

l)()})ulifi>lia  Xiitt, 

rliomltifolia " 

rubra Mich. 

Alnus 

acuminata Xutt. 

glauca Mich. 

glutinosa " 

do Xutt. 

incana '' 

tZo.  Wma Mich. 

maritima X  ut  t , 

Oregona " 

rhombifolia '' 

serrulata ^Slich. 

tenuifolia Xutt. 

nndidata,  Willd..    "• 
viridis " 


Vol.    p„u 


I. 

U 

II. 

80 

i. 

4.", 

11. 

S'.t 

ii. 

!•() 

i. 

44 

i. 

40 

ii. 

89 

i. 

50 

i. 

44 

i. 

49 

ii. 

88 

i. 

48 

i. 

40 

i. 

47 

Order  79.     Altinjxcaccai. 

Liquidambar 

stjraciflua Mich.    ii.     44 


Order  80.     Salicacctc. 


Salix 


.Nutt. 


alba 

arenaria '•'• 

argophjUa " 

brachycarpa " 

caprea " 

cuneata " 

exigua " 

flavescens " 

fluviatilis " 

Hookeriana " 

ligustrina Mich. 

longifolia Xutt. 

lucida Mich. 

do X^'utt. 

lutea " 

macrocarpa " 

macrostachya " 

mclanopsis " 

myrtinoides " 

nigra  " 

do Mich. 

nivalis X'utt. 

pcntandra '" 

rotuiidif'olia " 

sessilifolia '■• 


1. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 
iii. 

i. 
iii. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 
iii. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 


95 

86 
87 
85 
81 

X-2 
90 
81 
89 
80 

90 
00 
74 

78 
8:J 
88 
9:} 
9:i 
94 
04 
92 
77 
91 
84 


Salix 

.^pcoiiis;!  N'litt. 

st:igii:ilis  •• 

triainlr.i '• 

viltcHiiKi " 

lN)puliis 

alb.'i Mi.h.  ii 

d" Niitl.  i 

aiigiil;it:i Mi<-h.  ii 

angu.Nlifiilia Nutt.  i 

argentca  Mich,  ii 

balsainifcra "  ii 

do Xiitt.  i 

(.^UKidciisis Mich,  ii 

candicaiis "•  ii 

caiiesceiis "  ii 

grandidciitata  ....     ''  ii 

J  ludsouica "■  ii, 

l:cvig;it;i  Xutt.  i. 

iiKinililVra Mich.  ii. 

trcnndoidcs '*  ii. 

do Xutt.  1, 

Order  81,     Myilcacea>. 

Myrica 

Faya Xutt 

pie - 

iiiodura *' 

Order  8l*.      Eleiigiiaceio. 
Ilippolihae 


1.     I'.t;.- 

.     71 


I7S 

71 

101 

OS 

170 

17  J 

7<> 

l*il 

17;; 

17S 
170 


lOs 
175 
70 


00 

5.S 
5: 1 


an/eii(ca .... 

Shephcrdia 

argciitca  ... 
CanadeiLsis 


.Xutt. 


i.  i;;j 

i.  i:;i 

i.  l:;7 

Alliance  T.'th.      rUTICVLi; 

Orilcr  X~.     Morace;e. 
Moru.«i 

rulira Miih.  iii 

Madura 

aurantiaca Xutt.     i 

Ficu.s 

aurea 

fi  latifolia 


brevifulia  

carica 

Iiulica 

pciluiiculata 


140 

154 
154 
l.^'i 
155 

1 :,.-, 

151 


208 


INDEX. 


Vol.    rage 

Order  89.     PlatanaceiB. 

riatanus 

Occidentalis Mich.  ii.  48 

do Nutt.  i.  66 

Orientalis "  i.  64 

raccmosa "  i.  63 

Alliance  20tli.     Eupiioebiales. 

Order  90.     Eupliorbiaceoe. 

Antiaris 

toxicaria Nutt.     i.  206 

Exccecaria 

agalloclia  "        ii.       7 

lucida "        ii.       6 

Ilippomane 

mancinella "         i.  202 

Stillingia 

ligustrina "        ii.     10 

sebifera "        ii.       8 

Aleurites 

triloba "         i.  206 

Drypetes 

crocea "        ii.    12 

glauca "        ii.     14 

Alliance  21st.     Quernales. 

Order  95.     Corylaceae. 

Carpinus 

Americana Mich.  iii.     26 

ostrya "       iii.    27 

Fagus 

ferruginea "       iii.     21 

sylvestris "       iii.     18 

Castanea 

alnifolia Nutt.  i.  36 

Americana "  i.  38 

chrysophylla "  i.  37 

nana,  EWiott "  i.  36 

pumila ''  i.  36 

do Mich.  iii.  16 

vesca "•  iii.  11 

Quercus 

acutifolia "  i.  89 

agrifolia  Nutt.  i.  16 

alba Midi.  i.  22 

do IS'ult.  i.  24 


A'ol.    Page 

Quercus 

alba 

..Nutt. 

i.    33 

ambigua 

..Mich. 

i.    90 

aquatica 

do 

a 

..Nutt. 

i.  65 
i.    33 

Banisteri 

..Mich. 

i.    69 

bi-color,  Willd.  . 

ii. 

i.    41 

do 

..Nutt. 

i.    23 

borealis 

..Mich. 

i.    81 

castanea 

i.    49 

Catesboci 

i.    71 

chrysophylla.... 
cinerea 

li 
ii 
ii 

..Nutt. 

i.  89 
i.    61 

coccinea 

i.    79 

coccifera 

I.    18 

confertiflora 

(; 

1.    27 

confertifolia  .... 

..Mich. 

i.    87 

crassifolia 

a 

I.    90 

crassipes 

densiflora 

a 

..Nutt. 

.  87 
1.    21 

depressa 

..Mich. 

1.    88 

discolor  

ii 

.    87 

do 

..Nutt. 

.    24 

Douglasii  

44 

.    20 

dumosa 

44 

.'.Mich. 

.    18 

clonqata,  Willd. 

.    73 

falcata  

44 

.    73 

do 

..Nutt. 

.    33 

ferruginea 

.Mich.     ] 

.    67 

filiformis 

.Nutt.     : 

.    24 

Garryana 

44 

.    14 

glaucescens Mich,     i 

heinispherica,  Willd."        i 

.    91 

.    87 

heterophylla.... 
do 

44 

.Nutt.     ] 

.  64 
.    24 

ilex 

44 

.    19 

imbricaria 

44                 \ 

.     26 

do 

.Mich.    ] 

.    60 

ialapensis 

44 
44 
44 

.Nutt.     i 

.    89 

lanceolata 

.    88 

laurina 

.    88 

Leana 

.    25 

lyrata  

.Mich,     i 

.    39 

macrocarpa 

44 

.    35 

maritima 

44 

.    86 

do 

.Nutt.     i 

c>.l 

Mexicana 

.Mich,     i 

.    87 

Michauxii 

.Nutt.     1 

.    23 

montana 

44 

.    28 

do 

44 

".Mich.    1 

.    33 

t^ 

.    46 

IXDKX. 


200 


Quercus 

mvrtifdlia ^Fii'li. 

do Niitt. 

nana Mu'li. 

n/(/ra '• 

obtusiloba " 

do Xutt. 

obtusata 'Slk-h. 

olivreformis " 

do Xutt. 

palustris '' 

do Midi. 

pandurata " 

pedunculata '' 

do X'utt. 

phcUos  '• 

do Mich. 

prinoides '' 

do Xutt. 

pi'inus '* 

do Mich. 

prinus  acuminata  " 
chincapin.  " 
discolor ...  " 
monticola.  " 
palustris..    " 

pulcliella " 

pumila " 

repanda " 

reticulata " 

robur " 

do Xutt. 

rubra " 

do Midi. 

Sagrteana X'^utt. 

sericea,  Willd Midi. 

sessiliflora X'utt. 

spicata Midi. 

stellata Xutt. 

do Midi. 

stipularis " 

suber " 

syderoxyla '• 

tinctoria '" 

tridens " 

undulata Xutt. 


virens , 
do.  . 


.Midi. 


Order  96. 

Juglans  amara ... 
Vol-  II.— 14 


Juglandaccfc. 

:\ridi.    i 


Si; 

ST 
tiT 
:](! 
•2:] 
!>1 
')'•> 

I'S 

s;; 

00 
82 
1;") 
2(J 
bS 
50 
33 
23 
44 
40 

r>i) 

41 
40 
44 
80 
63 
88 
00 
30 
33 
33 
84 
29 

20 
00 
23 
S^j 
80 
o5 
89 
76 
88 
10 
2s 
.02 


n*; 


Jil;:iaiis 

a(|uatica Micli. 

catliartica " 

laciiiiDsa  '* 

iiiyristif;i'f(iiiiiis..    " 

nigra •* 

do Null. 

iilivatdnuis  .^Iidl. 

Jiorciiia " 

ri'gia " 

S(|iiaiii(isa " 

toiiicniusa '* 

Carya 

alba,  X^utt Midi. 

aiiiiD'd,  Xutt " 

do Nutt. 

angustii'olia  " 

aquati'a Midi. 

glabra Xull. 

niicrocarjia " 

inyristica  funnis,  Nutt. 
Midi. 
oUnrformis,  Xutt.  " 

pecan Nutt. 

porcinit,  Xutt Mi<di. 

sulcata " 

tomcntom,  Xutt..    " 

do Nutt. 


V,.l.    I',-« 

ll:i 
lo;i 
12S 
i;;.') 
104 

.» I 
II  i 


I  -■> 

12U 

12;; 

II  :• 


I    I 


12  s 
I2«i 


Alliance  2rjtli.     rAP.\v.\LK.>^. 
Order  108.      rapayaceic. 

Papaya 

vulgaris Xutt.     ii.  114 

Carica  papaya "        ii.  114 

Sub-class  2.  IIvi'ociY.Nors  E.xihjkns. 

Alliance  28th.     M.vlv.xles. 

Order  131.     Tiliaceic. 


Tilia 


lib 


Nutt.     i.  1<»S 

,lo .Mi.-ii.  iii.  ,M 

Americana "       iii.  •"*  I 

heteropliylla Nutt.     i.  1<'7 

pubescens Midi.  iii.  S.> 

AlliaiRH-  20th.     S.\riNi>.M.K.><. 
()nler  136.      Sapindaceic. 

Sapindus 

iiia<juali»,  Dec. .Xutt.      ii.     10 


210 

Sapiudus 

niarsmatus Nutt. 

saponaria " 

Melicocca 

bijuga " 

pauiculata " 

trijuga  " 

iEsculus 

Californica " 

Indica " 

macrostacliya " 

Galothyrsus 

Californica,  Spacli.  " 

Pavia 

lutea Mich. 

Ohioensis " 

rubra " 

Order  138.     Accraceae 
Acer 

barbatum Nutt. 

circinatum " 

dasycarpum " 

do Mich. 

Drummondii Nutt. 

eriocarpum Mich. 

glabrum Nutt. 

grandidentatum..    " 
macrophyllum  ...    " 

montanum Mich. 

negundo " 

nigrum " 

phitanoidcs " 

pseudo-platanus...    " 
rubrum '' 

do Nutt. 

saccharinum " 

do Mich. 

striatum " 

tripartitum Nutt. 

Negundo 

aceroides  " 

Californicum " 


INDEX. 


11. 
ii. 

ii. 
ii. 

ii. 

ii. 
ii. 
ii. 


19 
20 

22 
21 

22 

16 
17 

18 


ii.  16 

ii.  153 
ii.  156 
ii.  154 


35 

27 

34 

146 

30 

146 

33 

29 

24 

175 

172 

163 

165 

167 

149 

34 

35 

153 

169 


Order  139.     Malpighiacecc. 

Clifton  i  a 

ligustrina Nutt.    ii. 

Mjjlucarium 

ligustrinum "        ii. 


37 

39 
39 


Vol.    Page 
GUTTIFERALES. 


Alliance  30th 

Order  142.     Ternstromiaceoe. 

Gordonia 

lasyanthus Mich.   ii.     29 

pubescens "        ii.    31 

Order  144.     Clusiacese. 
Clusia 

flava Nutt.    ii.    58 

Alliance  32d.     Ranales. 

Order  151.     Magnoliaceae. 
Magnolia 

acuminata Mich.   ii.     15 

auriculata "        ii. 

do Nutt.     i. 


cordata Mich.    ii. 

glauca "        ii. 

grandiflora "        ii. 


do Nutt.     i. 


macrophylla 
do 

tripetala  

do 


.Mich. 
.Nutt. 


23 
99 
18 
12 
8 
96 
99 
26 
20 
100 

Liriodendron 

tulipifera Mich.    ii.    35 

do Nutt.     i.  100 

Order  152.     Anonacese. 
Anona 

triloba Mich.   ii.     33 

Order  162.     Olacacea. 
Ximenia 

Americana Nutt.     i.  138 

aculeata "         i.  138 

inontana "        i.  138 


Order  163.     Cyrillaceoe. 
Cyrilla 

Caroliniana,  Rich.  Nutt.  ii. 
racemifera,Yiinde\\.^''  ii. 
racemiflora "       ii. 


Itea 


cyrilla 

Alliance  34th. 


11. 


Ericales. 

Order  169.     Ericacccne. 
Andromeda  arborea...Mich.   ii. 


43 
43 
43 

43 


126 


I  N  D  E  X. 


•J  11 


Vol.     Pago 

Andromeda 

arborca Nutt.    ii.  Ill 

Arbutus 

nndracbne "  ii.  110 

laun'folia "  ii.  lO'.i 

Menziesii "  ii.  10;i 

procera "  ii,  10!l 

unedo "  ii.  110 

Kaluiia 

latifolia Mich.   ii.     G4 

do 2sutt.    ii.  112 

Rhododendrum 

maximum "        ii.  112 

do Mich.   ii.    G2 

Batodondron 

arboreum Xutt.    ii.  Ill 

Alliance  35th.     Rutales. 
Order  170.     Aurantiacese. 
Citrus 

Bigarradia,  Duhamcl, 

Nutt.    ii.    53 
spinoshsima,  Meyer, 

Nutt.    ii.    53 
vulgaris "        ii.    53 

Order  171.     Amjridacese. 

Amyris 

Floridana Xutt.    ii.    61 

Burscra 

acuminata "  ii.  (jQ> 

gummifera "  ii.  1)4 

simplicifolia  "  ii.  CG 

paniculata "  ii.  GO 

Order  172.     Ccdrelaccir!. 

Cedrus 

maJiorjrmi,  Miller. Xutt.    ii.    46 

Swietenia 

mahoffoni  "       ii.    46 

Order  173.     Meliaceoc. 

Melia 

azedarach Midi.  iii.       7 

Order  174.     Anacardiacea. 

Rhus 

atra Xutt.    ii.     75 


Rhu^ 


corianu 

cot  III  IIS 

iiifti>|)iuiii  .. 

lIKlllis 

jiuuiila 

Veiicii;it;i  ... 
vcniix 


.\iitt. 


Cotinns 

AiiicricMiius. 
vclutiniis 

Pi.stacia 

Vera  


II. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 
li. 
ii. 
ii. 

ii. 
ii. 


C.'.t 
71 
(is 
I  •> 
70 
tilt 
•i'J 

71 

72 


.Mid 


•h.  111.      10 


Sty])h(iiiia 

integrilolia Niitt.  ii. 

serrata '*      ii. 

Order  177.      Xanlhd.wlaceM' 

Ailantlius 

ghuidulosa Nutt.    ii. 

Xanthoxyluin 

acuiuiiiatum  "  ii. 

Carulinianuiu  ''  ii. 

clava  ILrcu/ix  ...  '*  ii. 

emarginatum "  ii. 

Florida nnm "  ii. 

fraj-inifcli  11)11,  Watt,"  ii. 

juglaiidifnliuiJi  ....  "•  ii. 

macr()|ihyllmii ''  ii. 

I'tcrota "  ii. 

tricarpuin,  Midi.  "  ii. 

(.)rder  17i*.      tfiiiiaruliaccie. 
Sinianilta 

idauca Nutt.    ii. 

Order  ISO.      /,ygn|,hyll:KT:..'. 
Guaiacuiu 


71 
7G 


s.", 
7  s 
7  s 
>.'. 

7s 
s;; 
so 
M 
7S 


1»0 


saiictuiii 

...Nutt. 

ii. 

H6 

fi  parvif'iliuiii. 

*  * 

11. 

bU 

Alliance  ;57tli. 

Sii.i;.N.\i.i:s. 

Order  1!»1.      V 

ulygnnaceic. 

Coccololia 

olttunit'i'h'ii,  Jac 

(|..Nutt. 

'.'5 

" 

!♦.) 

uvifcra 

...    " 

«J3 

Uviftra 

Utund 

...    " 

11. 

1»3 

21' 


INDEX. 


i.  104 
i.  102 


104 


Alliance  38th.     Ciienopodales. 

Order  192.     Nyctaginacase. 

Pisonia 

aculeata Nutt.    ii.  202 

assurgens,  Brown    "        ii.  203 

Sub-class  3.  Perigynous  Exogens. 

Alliance  41st.     Daphnales. 

Order  205.     Lauracese 

Drimophyllum 

pauciflorum Nutt.     i.  102 

Umbellularia 

Califoruica  " 

Ocotea 

salicifolia,  Kunth    " 

Tetranthera 

Califoruica,  Hook.  " 

Laurus 

campliora Mich.  ii.  120 

Caroliniensis  ....    "  ii.  118 

cinnamomoides  ...Nutt.  i.  105 

(Euosmos)  albida.    "  i.  105 

Quixos "  i.  105 

/■e<7«a,  Doug "  i.  104 

sassafras "  i.  104 

do Mich.  ii.  113 

Alliance  42d.     Kosales. 
Order  209.     Fabacese. 

Robinia 

pseudo-acacia Mich.  ii.     92 

/3  spectabilis "  ii.  101 

viscosa "  ii.  104 

Piscidia 

orythrina Nutt.     i 

Virgilia 


lutca Mic 

Cladustrus 

tinctoria " 

Gyninocladus 

Canadensis " 

Gleditschia 

monosperma " 

triacanthos " 


180 
106 

108 

182 


ii.  Ill 

ii.  108 


Vol.  Page 


3Iimo8a 

G-uadahqJcnsis,  Persoon 

Nutt. 
unguis-cati,  Linn..  " 

Acacia 

latisiliqua " 

i. 
i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

188 

187 

183 

Inga 

Guadalupensis....    " 
unguis-cati " 

188 
186 

Order  210.     D 

rupaceoe 

Prunus 

Americana 

.Nutt. 

169 

hiemalis,  Elliott. 

a 

169 

lauro-cerasus 

ii 

166 

nigra,  Alton 

ii 

169 

Cerasus 

borealis 

.Mich. 

ii. 

152 

Caroliniana 

(( 

ii. 

150 

do 

.Nutt. 

167 

ilicifolia 

ii 

165 

mollis 

ii 

164 

nigra,  Loisel 

ii 

170 

Pennsylvanica... 

ii 

165 

Virginiana 

.Mich. 

ii. 

147 

Order  211.     Pomacc?e. 

Pyrus 

Americana Nutt. 

angustifolia " 

coronaria INIich. 

diversifolia Nutt. 

rivularis " 

i. 
i. 
ii. 
i. 
i. 

i. 
i. 

175 
174 

58 
172 
17^^ 

Sorhus 

Americana,\^\\\(\.  " 
aucuparia,  Mich.    " 

175 
175 

Malus 

coronaria  Mich. 

ii. 

5S 

Mespilus 

arborea " 

ii. 
i. 

ii. 

60 

a'stivalis,  Wall. . . .  Nutt. 
Canadensis,  A.  ]\Iich. 
Mich. 

162 

60 

Crctffigus 

rostivalis Nutt. 

arborescens  " 

I)ouglasii,L'u\d.,     " 
elli^tica,^\\ioti...    " 

i. 
i. 
i. 
i. 

162 
160 

158 
162 

I  X  D  E  X. 


Crataegus 

yi(induIoS(i,VnYA\.  Nutt. 
opaea,  Hooker....     '' 
punctata,  Dou<^...     " 

rivuluris *' 

sanguinea '' 

Order  213.     llosaceac. 

Cercocarpus 

leditblius Xutt.    i. 


loS 

ir.s 

l»J<t 
157 


178 


Alliance  44tli. 
Order  221. 
Celtis 


lllIAMNALES. 

Ulmaceaj 


crassifoHa INIicli.  iii.    40 

do Xutt.     i.  150 

longifolia  Mich.    i.  14S 

Occidcntalls "        i.  14'. • 

do Mich.  iii.     oS 

do.  3  intcixrifoliaXiitt.  i.  14S 


do.  [i  tenuifolia 
2nt7nila,  Pursh.... 

reticulata 

tenuifolia 


"  i.  ]4;i 

"  i.  1411 

"  i.  147 

"  i.  14'J 


Plancra 

ulmifolia Mich.  iii. 


111. 

iii. 

iii. 

i. 


Ulmus 

alata " 

Americana " 

campestris " 

opaca Xutt 

pumila,  Walt Mich.  iii. 

racemosa Xutt.     i. 

rubra Mich.  iii. 

suberosa "       iii- 

Order  222.     PthamnacciX?. 

Rhamnus 

arhoreus,  Brown.. X'utt. 
alnifoUus,  Pursh    " 

catharticus  " 

Carolinlanus " 

coluhrinus,  Lam.  " 
ferrufiint'UR,  X'^utt.  " 
Purshianus " 


Ceanothus 

azureus 

mega  carpus 

wa6'rcc-rt/7^Ui<,Xutt.  '• 


80 

71 
07 
75 
51 
71 
53 
73 
70 


1  ftG 
200 
201 
1!)8 
195 
IOC) 
200 

104 
VM 
104 


Ccannthus 

tliyrsifulius  Xutt.     i.   l'.'.'. 

cola/iriitux,  Lam..     "  i.   r.'5 

(Vihilirin;i 

Aiiirriciiiia "  1.  1'.'5 

Order  225.      C\lastracc:e. 
Sclucllrra 

biixirnlia Xutt.      i.   I'.'H 

//■(((<  sr,  Its,  j). •(•...     "  i.    l'Ji> 

Idtcrijlora "         ii.     12 

Order  227.      Saputaceic 

Ctd-oliiunxc Xutt.    ii.  1"4 

Sidcroxi/I'iu 

cIirifSnlifll/JIoiJcK  .      * 

tdtiilissniiitiit ' 

I<ini((/iiiiist(iii ' 

.scrifcitiit ' 

tcnar ' 


ii.  1"J 

ii.  I">< 

ii.  In.', 

ii.  1'^ 

ii.  ini 

ii.     OS 


Aiiona 

maxima,  Sloanc.    ' 

Achra.s 

zapiitilla ' 

sa/inta ' 

Bunu'lia 

augustitolia ' 

(■/in/siii>Iii//iu/,l<  s .  ' 

ferrugiiii'a  ' 

fuL'tldissiuia ' 

lanuginosa ' 

lycioidcs 

inacrocarpa 

(.hlMiigifnlia • 

teiiax ' 

Order  22S.      Styraeac.:e. 

Ilopoa 

tinctoria Midi.  iii.      15 

Alliance  45tli.      C  i;n TI.W  Al.h>. 

Order  22'.'.      KKcnaccic 

Diospyros 

Vir'_Miiiaiia Mieh.     li.  L'7 

,ln Nutt.     ii.  r.'4 

Order  23"  1.     Ai|uifMliacea'. 
Ilex  opaca Mieh.    ii.   122 


II. 

07 

11. 

'.»s 

ii. 

pit; 

ii. 

I'll 

ii. 

in.-i 

ii. 

HIS 

ii. 

\n:, 

ii. 

1"! 

ii. 

pit; 

ii. 

l'i2 

ii. 

lll» 

lU 


INDEX. 


Vol.   Page 

Alliance  46th.     Solanales. 
Order  237.     Oleaccge. 

Cliionanthus 

pubescens Nutt.    ii.  122 

Virginica "        ii.  121 

Fraxinus 

acuminata "        ii.  129 

Americana "        ii.  129 

do Mich.  iii.    49 

eoncoloi;  Mnhl "       iii.     55 

dipetala Nutt.     ii.  180 

discolor,  MviiA Mich.  iii.     50 

excelsior "       iii.    ^Q 

juglajidifolia  ....    "       iii.     54 

Orcgona Nutt.    ii.  124 

/9  riparia "        ii.  124 

pauciflora "        ii.  126 

platycarpa "        ii.  129 

do Mich.  iii.    63 

pubesceiis "       iii.     53 

quadrangulata  ...Nutt.    ii.  128 

do Mich.  iii.     61 

sambucifolia "       iii.     59 

do Nutt.    ii.  125 

tomentosa Mich.  iii.     53 

triptera Nutt.    ii.  127 

viridis Mich.  iii.     54 

Ornus 

Americana Nutt.  ii.  131 

dipetala "  ii.  130 

Europea "  ii.  131 

rotundifolia "  ii.  129 

Olca 

Americana Mich.  ii.  128 

Europea "  ii.  130 

do Nutt.  ii.  132 

Order  240.     Cordiacece. 

Cordia 

collococca Nutt.  ii.  148 

Floridana "  ii.  147 

gcrascanthus "  ii.  147 

myxa "  ii.  148 

Sebestena "  ii.  145 

Sebestena 

scahra,  Dillon....    "        ii.  146 


Vol.    Page 

Alliance  47th.     Cortusales. 

Order  248.     Myrsinaceas. 

Ardisia 

Pickeringia Nutt.    ii.  133 

Ci/rilla 

paniculata Nutt.     ii.  133 

Pickeringia 

paniculata "       ii.  133 

Alliance  48th.     Eciiiales. 

Order  257.     Myoporacese. 

Avicennia  L. 

longifolia Nutt.  ii.  144 

resinifera "  ii.  144 

tomentosa "  ii.  143 

Mangium 

album, Hunv^h.....    "        ii.  143 

Alliance  49th.     Bignonales. 

Order  262.     Bignoniaccae. 

Bignonia 

catalpa Mich.  ii.     55 

do Nutt.  ii.  140 

radicans "  ii.  139 

Tecoma 

radicans "        ii.  138 

Catalpa 

syringosfolia "        ii.  140 

do Mich.    ii.    55 

Order  261.     Crescentiacese. 

Crescontia 

cujete Nutt.    ii.  135 

Sub-Class  4th.  Epig ynous  Exogens. 

Alliance  51st.     Myrtales. 

Order  274.     Combretacese. 

Terminalia 

benzoin Nutt.  i.  127 

catappa "  i.  125 

Moluccana "  i.  127 

vernix "  i.  127 

Conocarpus 

erecta "         i.  128 


Conocarpns 

y  sericea — 
procnmbens 
raceniosa ... 

Nntt. 

(.1. 

i. 

i. 
i. 

i. 

i. 
c. 

ii. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 

ea 

i. 
i. 
i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 

i. 
i. 
i. 
i. 

Txr 

131 

130 
132 

132 

133 

31 

37 
34 

20 

112 
113 
112 

llo 
IIG 

123 
123 
118 
120 
122 

)E 

C 

E 

T 

I' 

C 

X. 

alyptrantlics 

chvtracidia \iitt 

V..1 

i. 

i. 
i. 
i. 
i. 
i. 
i. 
i. 

A  1.1 

ii. 
ii. 

(•:e. 
i. 

\LI 

e. 

ii. 
ii. 
i. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 
ii. 

215 

1 17 

ugeiiia 

biixii'ulia •• 

u 

I  '  * ' » 

Lafi'uncularia 

dicbotonia  . 

I'O 

raceniosa . . . 

divaricata " 

fragrans '■ 

niontana '* 

I'O 

ScJioushoa 

Sprengel  " 
Alangiacci 

Midi,  i 

u          j 

ta....    "       i 

KLizopliorac 
Xutt. 

u 

Myrtaceoe 
Nutt. 

121 
121) 

commutata, 

vallens "■ 

1  IS 

Order  275. 
Nyssa 

aqnatica  ... 

capitata 

grandidenta 
sylvatica  ... 

Order  270. 
Rhizopliora 

Americana . 
gymnorliiza 
mangle 

Order  282. 
Psidium 

buxifolinm . 
pyriferum  .. 

])rocc'ra " 

1    .!.» 

Alliance  54tli.      ClNcilox 

Order  2!»1.     Vaccinact 

^accinum 

arliiii-ium,  ^Tarsli.  Xutt. 
dijf'usu/n,  Alton..    " 

Order  203.     Cinrli-m.-i. 
inckiu'va  jiubens M'u'li. 

AUiaiu-e  ootli.     U.\ii;i;i.i, 

Order  208.      Curnacc; 

ornus 

allja Xutt. 

circinata,  Cliamis.   *• 

Florida Midi. 

do Niitt. 

mascula '' 

Ill 
111 

IMI 

12'» 
1''0 

Myrtus 

axillaris,  Poiret..    " 
hiixifolia,  Swartz    " 
chytraculia,  Lin..    " 
dicliotoma,  Poiret    " 
procera,  Swartz ..    " 

17t» 

ir.i 
i-'i) 

Js'uttallii  '* 

117 

pubc'^ceU"^ '* 

1  !:• 

btolouilera  " 

120 

STEREiJTVl'F.ri    IIT    I..   Jull V.'^.J.N   k   CO. 
i'lill.APELl'llIA. 


I 


r 


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